Pesawat Buatan Indonesia

Bung Karno dalam pidato di Hari Penerbangan Nasional 9 April 1962 mengatakan : "…, tanah air kita adalah tanah air kepulauan, tanah air yang terdiri dari beribu-ribu pulau yang dipisahkan satu dari yang lain oleh samudra-samudra dan lautan-lautan. … tanah air kita ini adalah ditakdirkan oleh Allah SWT terletak antara dua benua dan dua samudra. Maka bangsa yang hidup di atas tanah air yang demikian itu hanyalah bisa menjadi satu bangsa yang kuat jikalau ia jaya bukan saja di lapangan komunikasi darat, tetapi juga di lapangan komunikasi laut dan di dalam abad 20 ini dan seterusnya di lapangan komunikasi udara."


Pada tahun 1938 atas permintaan LW. Walraven dan MV. Patist - perancang PK.KKH - dibuat lagi pesawat lebih kecil di bengkel Jl. Kebon Kawung, Bandung. 

Pesawat PK.KKH yang dibuat tahun 1937 di Bandung , di mana putera-putera Indonesia terlibat dalam proses pembuatannya. 

Selain itu juga pada tahun 1948 berhasil dibuat pesawat terbang bermotor dengan mempergunakan mesin motor Harley Davidson diberi tanda WEL-X hasil rancangan Wiweko Soepono dan kemudian dikenal dengan register RI-X. Era ini ditandai dengan munculnya berbagai club aeromodeling, yang menghasilkan perintis teknologi dirgantara, yaitu Nurtanio Pringgoadisurjo. 

 rancangan Wi-weko Soepono diberi tanda WEL-X yang dibuat pada tahun 1948, dengan menggunakan mesin Harley Davidson Kemudian kegiatan ini terhenti karena pecahnya pemberontakan Madiun dan agresi Belanda
   
pada 1 Agustus 1954 berhasil diterbangkan prototip "Si Kumbang", sebuah pesawat serba logam bertempat duduk tunggal yang dibuat sesuai dengan kondisi negara pada waktu itu. Pesawat ini dibuat tiga buah. 

SIKUMBANG NU-200

Pada 24 April 1957, Seksi Percobaan ditingkatkan menjadi Sub Depot Penyelidikan, Percobaan & Pembuatan berdasar Surat Keputusan Kepala Staf Angkatan Udara No. 68.
Setahun kemudian, 1958 berhasil diterbangkan prototip pesawat latih dasar "Belalang 89" yang ketika diproduksi menjadi Belalang 90. Pesawat yang diproduksi sebanyak lima unit ini dipergunakan untuk mendidik calon penerbang di Akademi Angkatan Udara dan Pusat Penerbangan Angkatan Darat. Di tahun yang sama berhasil diterbangkan pesawat oleh raga "Kunang 25". Filosofinya untuk menanamkan semangat kedirgantaraan sehingga diharapkan dapat mendorong generasi baru yang berminat terhadap pembuatan pesawat terbang.

BELALANG ERA NURTANIO

 KUNANG NU-25

 

UPAYA PENDIRIAN INDUSTRI PESAWAT TERBANG
          Sesuai dengan kemajuan-kemajuan yang telah dicapai dan untuk memungkinkan berkembang lebih pesat, dengan Keputusan Menteri/Kepala Staf Angkatan Udara No. 488, 1 Agustus 1960 dibentuk Lembaga Persiapan Industri Penerbangan/LAPIP. Lembaga yang diresmikan pada 16 Desember 1961 ini bertugas menyiapkan pembangunan industri penerbangan yang mampu memberikan dukungan bagi penerbangan di Indonesia. Mendukung tugas tersebut, pada tahun 1961 LAPIP mewakili pemerintah Indonesia dan CEKOP mewakili pemerintah Polandia mengadakan kontrak kerjasama untuk membangun pabrik pesawat terbang di Indonesia. Kontrak meliputi pembangunan pabrik , pelatihan karyawan serta produksi di bawah lisensi pesawat PZL-104 Wilga, lebih dikenal Gelatik. Pesawat yang diproduksi 44 unit ini kemudian digunakan untuk dukungan pertanian, angkut ringan dan aero club.

          Dalam kurun waktu yang hampir bersamaan, tahun 1965 melalui SK Presiden RI - Presiden Soekarno, didirikan Komando Pelaksana Proyek Industri Pesawat Terbang (KOPELAPIP) - yang intinya LAPIP - ; serta PN. Industri Pesawat Terbang Berdikari. Pada bulan Maret 1966, Nurtanio gugur ketika menjalankan pengujian terbang, sehingga untuk menghormati jasa beliau maka LAPIP menjadi LIPNUR/Lembaga Industri Penerbangan Nurtanio. Dalam perkembangan selanjutnya LIPNUR memproduksi pesawat terbang latih dasar LT-200, serta membangun bengkel after-sales-service, maintenance, repair & overhaul.

          Pada tahun 1962, berdasar SK Presiden RI - Presiden Soekarno, didirikan jurusan Teknik Penerbangan ITB sebagai bagian dari Bagian Mesin. Pelopor pendidikan tinggi Teknik Penerbangan adalah Oetarjo Diran dan Liem Keng Kie. Kedua tokoh ini adalah bagian dari program pengiriman siswa ke luar negeri (Eropa dan Amerika) oleh Pemerintah RI yang berlangsung sejak tahun 1951. Usaha-usaha mendirikan industri pesawat terbang memang sudah disiapkan sejak 1951, ketika sekelompok mahasiswa Indonesia dikirim ke Belanda untuk belajar konstruksi pesawat terbang dan kedirgantaraan di TH Delft atas perintah khusus Presiden RI pertama. Pengiriman ini berlangsung hingga tahun 1954. Dilanjutkan tahun 1954 - 1958 dikirim pula kelompok mahasiswa ke Jerman, dan antara tahun 1958 - 1962 ke Cekoslowakia dan Rusia.

          Perjalanan ini bertaut dengan didirikannya Lembaga Persiapan Industri Pesawat Terbang (LAPIP) pada 1960, pendirian bIdang Studi Teknik Penerbangan di ITB pada 1962, dibentuknya DEPANRI (Dewan Penerbangan dan Antariksa Republik Indonesia) pada 1963. Kemudian ditindaklanjuti dengan diadakannya proyek KOPELAPIP (Komando Pelaksana Persiapan Industri Pesawat Tebang) pada Maret 1965. Bekerjasama dengan Fokker, KOPELAPIP tak lain merupakan proyek pesawat terbang komersial. Sementara itu upaya-upaya lain untuk merintis industri pesawat terbang telah dilakukan pula oleh putera Indonesia - B.J. Habibie - di luar negeri sejak tahun 1960an sampai 1970an. Sebelum ia dipanggil pulang ke Indonesia untuk mendapat tugas yang lebih luas. Di tahun 1961, atas gagasan BJ. Habibie diselenggarakan Seminar Pembangunan I se Eropa di Praha, salah satu adalah dibentuk kelompok Penerbangan yang di ketuai BJ. Habibie.
GELATIK PZL-104

PZL-Okecie PZL-104 Gelatik-C

 Masi Inget gk klo Indonesia pernah bikin pesawat... untung ada Mr Habibie(bukan HabibiDXXX ) Ini Info Yang Bikin Kita Bangga!

CN-235 adalah pesawat angkut jarak sedang dengan dua mesin turbo-prop. Pesawat ini dikembangkan bersama-sama antara CASA di Spanyol and IPTN (sekarang PT Dirgantara Indonesia) sebagai pesawat terbang regional dan angkut militer. Versi militer CN-235 termasuk patroli maritim, surveillance dan angkut pasukan.

Pesawat Buatan Indo Di Pake Turki Man!

Desain dan Pengembangan

CN-235 diluncurkan sebagai kerjasama antara CASA dan IPTN. Kedua perusahaan ini membentuk perusahaan Airtech company untuk menjalankan program pembuatan CN-235. Desain dan produksi dibagi rata antara kedua perusahaan. Kerjasama hanya dilakukan pada versi 10 dan 100/110. Versi-versi berikutnya dikembangankan secara terpisah oleh masing-masing perusahaan.

Desain awal CN-235 dimulai pada Januari 1980, purnarupa pesawat terbang perdana pada 11 November 1983. Sertifikasi Spanyol dan Indonesia didapat pada tanggal 20 Juni 1986. Pesawat produksi terbang pertama pada 19 August 1986. FAA type approval didapat pada tanggal 3 Desemebr 1986 sebelum akhirnya terbang pertama untuk pembeli pesawat pada tanggal 1 Maret 1988.

Pada tahun 1995, CASA meluncurkan CN-235 yang diperpanjang, C-295

Penjaga Pantai Amerika Serikat / U.S. Coast Guard membeli CN-235 (diberi kode HC-144A) di bawah program pesawat maritim jarak sedang (MRSMPA).[1] Pesawat HC-144A pertama dikirim EADS CASA ke Lockheed Martin untuk dipasang alat-alat untuk misi maritim pada bulan December 2006.[2]

Pada bulan Agustus 2006, 3 CASA CN-235-10 masih terbang, dua dengan Safair dan satu Tiko Air, kedua-duanya di Afrika.[3] Asian Spirit juga mengoperasikan CN-235-220 di Filipina (informasi bulan June/July 2007).

Irish Air Corps mengoperasikan dua buah 2 CN-235 untuk patroli maritim.


CASA -CN-235-300

PT.Dirgantara Indonesia :

* CN-235-10 :
Versi produksi awal (diproduksi 15 buah oleh masing-masing perusahaan), menggunakan mesin GE CT7-7A
* CN-235-110 :
Secara umum sama dg seri 10 tetapi menggunakan mesin GE CT7-9C dalam nasel komposit baru ,mempunyai sistem kelistrikan, peringatan dan lingkungan yang lebih maju dibanding seri 100 milik CASA.
* CN-235-220 :
Versi Pengembangan. Pembentukan kembali struktur untuk bobot operasi yang lebih tinggi , pengambangan aerodinamik pada tepi depan sayap sayap dan kemudi belok, pengurangan panjang landasan yang dibutuhkan dan penambahan jarak tempuh dengan beban maksimum (MTOW=Maximum Take Off Weight)
* CN-235 MPA :
Versi Patroli Maritim, dilengkapi dengan sistem navigasi, komunikasi dan misi ( mulai mendekati fase operasional dan hadir dalam singapore airshow 2008 ).
* CN235-330 Phoenix :
Modifikasi dari seri 220, ditawarkan IPTN ( dengan avionik Honeywell baru, EW system ARL-2002 dan 16.800 kg MTOW ) kepada Royal Australian Air Force untuk Project Air 5190 tactical airlift requirement, tapi dibatalkan karena masalah keuangan pada tahun 1998


EADS CASA :

* CN-235-10 :
Versi produksi awal (diproduksi 15 buah oleh masing-masing perusahaan), menggunakan mesin GE CT7-7A
* CN-235-100 :
Secara umum sama dengan seri 10 tetapi menggunakan mesin GE CT7-9C dalam nasel komposit baru
* CN-235-200 :
Versi Pengembangan dengan pembentukan kembali struktur pesawat untuk bobot operasi yang lebih tinggi , pengambangan aerodinamik pada tepi depan sayap dan kemudi belok, pengurangan panjang landasan yang dibutuhkan serta penambahan jarak tempuh dengan beban maksimum
* CN-235-300 :
Modifikasi CASA pada seri 200,dengan avionik Honeywell. Kelebihan lain termasuk pengembangan sistem tekanan dan fasilitas instalasi opsional roda depan ganda.
* CN-235 ASW/ASuW/MPA :
Versi Maritim
* C-295 :
Versi dengan badan lebih panjang, beban 50% lebih banyak dan mesin baru PW127G.


CASA CN-235 Angkatan Udara Spanyol

Spesifikasi (CN-235-100/110)

Karakteristik Umum
Casa Cn 235
Casa CN 235

* Kru: 2(dua) pilots
* Kapasitas: sampai 45 penumpang
* Panjang: 21.40 m (70 ft 3 in)
* Bentang sayap: 25.81 m (84 ft 8 in)
* Tinggi: 8.18 m (26 ft 10 in)
* Area sayap: 59.1 m² (636 ft²)
* Berat Kosong: 9,800 kg (21,605 lb)
* Berat Isi: 15,500 kg (16,500 kg Military load) ( lb)
* Maksimum takeoff: 15,100 kg (33,290 lb)
* Tenaga Penggerak: 2× General Electric CT79C turboprops, 1,395 kW (1,850 bhp) each

Kemampuan

* Kecepatan Maksimum: 509 km/j (317 mpj)
* Jarak: 796 km (496 mil)
* Ketinggian Maks: m ( ft)
* Daya Menanjak: 542 m/min (1,780 ft/min)
* Beban Sayap Maks: kg/m² ( lb/ft²)
* Power/berat: kW/kg ( hp/lb)


CASA CN-235M-100 Angkatan Udara Maroko

Operator Militer

* Botswana Air Force
* Tentera Udara Diraja Brunei (1)
* Chilean Air Force
* Colombian Air Force
* Ecuadorian Air Force
* French Air Force
* Gabonese Air Force
* Irish Air Corps (2 x CN235MP)
* Tentera Udara Diraja Malaysia (8 x CN235-220)
* Moroccan Air Force
* Pakistan Air Force (4 x CN235-220)
* Panama
* Papua New Guinea
* Royal Saudi Air Force
* South African Air Force
* South Korean Air Force (20)
* Thai Air Force (10 dipesan dari IPTN/DI)
* TNI AU
* Turkish Air Force
* UAE Navy
* Bendera Amerika Serikat Amerika Serikat: U.S. Coast Guard sebagai HC-144A untuk program Medium Range Surveillance Maritime Patrol Aircraft (MRSMPA)



Militer

* Afrika Selatan: Angkatan Udara Afrika Selatan (1)
* Amerika Serikat: Penjaga Pantai Amerika Serikat (8 HC-144)
* Arab Emirat: Angkatan Laut Persatuan Emirat Arab
* Arab Saudi: Angkatan Udara Arab Saudi
* Botswana: Angkatan Udara Botswana
* Brunei: Angkatan Udara Brunei (1)
* Chile: Angkatan Darat Chile (4 CN-235-100) satu jatuh di Antartika
* Ekuador: Angkatan Udara Ekuador
* Gabon: Angkatan Udara Gabon
* Indonesia: Angkatan Udara Indonesia (mengoperasikan CN235-100M, CN235-220M, CN235MPA)
* Irlandia: Korp Udara Irlandia (2 CN235MP)
* Kolumbia: Angkatan Udara Kolumbia
* Korea Selatan: Angkatan Udara Korea Selatan (20)
* Malaysia: Angkatan Udara Malaysia (8 CN235-220)
* Maroko: Angkatan Udara Maroko (7)
* Pakistan: Angkatan Udara Pakistan (4 CN235-220)
* Panama: Angkatan Udara Panama
* Papua New Guinea: Angkatan Udara Papua New Guinea
* Perancis: Angkatan Udara Perancis (19 CN235-100, 18 ditingkatkan menjadi CN235-200).
* Spanyol: Angkatan Udara Spanyol (20)
* Turki: Angkatan Udara Turki (50 CN235-100M); Angkatan Laut Turki (6 CN-235 ASW/ASuW MPA); Penjaga Pantai Turki (3 CN-235 MPA)
* Venezuela: Angkatan Laut Venezuela (2 dipesan kemudian dibatalkan)
* Yordania: Angkatan Udara Yordania (2)

Pemerintah dan paramiliter

* Thailand: Polisi Thailand (1 CN235-300)

CN-235 Di Spanyol


CN-235 Di Dunia

10 Fakta Tentang PLN Yang Harus Anda Ketahui

Hanya satu kata menyikapi mota-matinya listrik yang melanda negara kita sekarang ini. Prihatin! Akhirnya bom waktu krisis listrik meledak juga. Dan hebatnya meledak di Ibukota negara kita, Jakarta. Tanpa bermaksud membela PLN dan tidak menaruh simpati dengan penderitaan anda yang kebetulan tinggal di Jakarta, sejatinya krisis listrik ini sudah lagu lama terjadi di luar pulau Jawa. Bahkan 11 tahun yang lalu, tahun 1998, saat pertama kali saya menjejakkan kaki di pulau Kalimantan, betapa krisis listrik sudah jauh dialami oleh saudara-saudara kita yang tinggal disana. Kita yang tinggal di pulau Jawa setidaknya masih sedikit lebih beruntung karena baru sekarang mengalami krisis listrik ini.

Beberapa waktu yang lalu saya sempat ada beberapa obrolan menarik di Facebook dengan kawan saya dari Balikpapan dan Surabaya terkait krisis listrik ini. Kawan sayayang dari Balikpapan menulis status yang menyatakan keprihatinannya tentang kondisi padamnya listrik yang sedang melanda Jakarta . Saya kemudian mengomentarinya. “Bukankah mati listrik sudah makanan sehari-hari di Kalimantan sejak dulu?” Komentar saya di dinding Facebook kawan saya tersebut. Kawan saya kemudian membalas: “Mungkin maksud PLN ini untuk azas pemerataan, Pak.” Dan kawan sayayang dari Surabaya kemudian nyeletuk, meledek kawan saya yang dari Balikpapan kalau kota Balikpapan itu bukan Indonesia. “Kok bisa daerah kaya minyak tapi miskin listrik?” ledeknya.

Itulah faktanya! Negara kita, siapapun tidak ada yang bisa memungkiri, negara yang sangat kaya dengan sumber daya alamnya tapi masih tetap miskin listrik sampai sekarang. Penetrasi pertumbuhan penduduk di negarakita ternyata tidak bisa diimbangi dengan ketersediaan daya listrik yang seharusnya melimpah disediakan oleh PLN, perusahaan pemasok listrik satu-satunya yang memonopoli penyediaan listrik di negara kita.

Saya tidak bermaksud turut menghujat PLN sebagaimana kebanyakan teman saya yang gemas dengan PLN sekarang ini tetapi saya hanya ingin sedikit share tentang beberapa fakta yang mungkin perlu anda tahu tentang PLN. Silahkan disimak fakta-fakta ini.

1. Terbakarnya Trafo

Peristiwa terbakarnya trafo di Gardu Induk (GI) Cawang, Jakarta, akhir September 2009 lalu sebenarnya bukan satu-satunya penyebab krisis listrik di Jakarta. Boleh saya sebut hanya sekedar pemicu meledaknya bom waktu saja. Karena jauh sebelum krisis daya listrik sekarang ini yang melanda Jakarta, sebenarnya defisit pasokan daya listrik sudah dialami PLN jauh beberapa tahun sebelumnya.

2. Pemberlakuan Dayamax Plus

Kalau mau flash back pada bulan Oktober tahun 2005 lalu, PLN waktu itu mengeluarkan kebijakan sepihak tentang Penghematan Pemakaian Tenaga Listrik Pada Waktu Beban Puncak (Peak Load) Pada Pelanggan Bisnis (B3), Industri (I2, I3, I4) dan Kantor Pemerintah Besar (P2) sesuai surat Penjelasan Edaran Direksi PT PLN (Persero) No: 0016.E/DIR/2005.Yang isinya intinya adalah menghimbau kepada semua pelanggan besar agar mengurangi pemakaian listriknya selama waktu beban puncak (WBP) pada pukul 18:00 s/d 22:00. Untuk pelangganyang bisa menekan dayanya dibawah 50% waktu beban puncak serta bisa menekan pemakaian KWH WBPnya dibawah 50% dari pemakaian WBP rata-rata 6 bulan terakhir akan mendapat Insentif, dan sebaliknya kalau tidakbisa menekan dibawah angka ketentuan tersebut akan mendapatkan Disinsentif (denda).

Usaha ini dilakukan oleh PLN antara lain adalah untuk menghindari jomplangnya peak pemakaian daya listrik pada waktu beban puncak jika dibanding LWBP (Luar Waktu Beban Puncak) dan mengerem laju defisit dayayang dialami PLN waktu itu. Dan sekarang, setelah empat tahun kemudian ternyata faktanya tetap tidak efektif untuk menghambat laju krisis dayayang mendera PLN selain hanya memberatkan sektor usaha atau industri yang mendapatkan tambahan beban biaya listrik sebesar antara 20% s/d 30% akibat pemberlakuan Dayamax Plus ini. Karena terus terang sangat mustahilbisa mengurangi daya atau pemakaian selama beban puncak jika daya kita memang tidak berlebih atau berusaha mengimbanginya dengan pemakaian genset.

3. Jual Rugi

Pada akhir tahun 2002 saya pernah menghadiri sebuah seminar sosialisasi TDL 2003 yang diselenggarakan oleh PLN yang dihadiri beberapa perwakilan perusahaan dan Yayasan Lembaga Konsumen Indonesia (YLKI) setempat di kota Malang. Dalam suatu session tanya jawab ada sebuah pertanyaan dari peserta seminar yang menanyakan tentang mengapa sambungan daya pada perumahan RS terpasang dengan daya sangat tinggi sampai 1.300 Watt padahal Rumah RS rata-rata dengan daya 450 Watt saja sudah cukup. Apa jawaban dari PLN waktu itu? Ini penjelasannya, karena pada pelanggan R1 (Rumah Tangga) dengan daya 450 W, PLN sebenarnya masih menjual rugi sementara pada daya diatas 1.300 W tarifnya sudah tarif bisnisyang harga jual listrik per-KWHnya sudah diatas harga pokoknya. Nah, ini penjelasan versi PLN mengapa PLN meski sebagai perusahaan satu-satunya yang memonopoli listrik di negara kita tapi tetap merugi, karena mereka mengklaim tarif TDL-nya masih dibawah harga pokoknya.

4. Korupsi PLN

Saya tidak mau ikut-ikutan menuduh kalau PLN katanya banyak korupsinya sehingga menyebabkan merugi. Karena menuduh tanpa bukti bisa dihukum dan masuk penjara.Tapi, mau diakui atau tidak, setidaknya inilah opini yang berkembang di masyarakat tentang PLN yang katanya terus merugi meski sudah mendapatkan subsidi dari pemerintah. Karena korupsi.

5. Losses PLN Tinggi

Menurut kawan saya di PLN, nilai Losses yang terjadi di PLN dalam pendistribusian listriknya ternyata cukup tinggi sampai mencapai 12%. Losses ini disamping karena rugi-rugi tegangan akibat arus listrikyang hilang selama proses distribusi jaringan, juga karena adanya beberapa pelanggan yang nakal mencuri listrik dan adanya beberapa lampu PJU (Penerangan Jalan Umum) liar tanpa meteran listrik alias mbantol langsung ke jaringan.

6. Wajib pakai Genset

Beberapa bulan yang lalu sebelum krisis listrik melanda Jakarta seperti sekarang ini, beberapa outlet perusahaan tempat saya bekerja di daerah Jateng dan Jogja dapat himbauan dari PLN agar menyalakan gensetnya seminggu sekali saat beban puncak,yang katanya untuk mengimbangi beban daya daerah Jateng yang mengalami defisit parah. Dan karena difisit ini, saya sempat membaca ulasan beberapa media, pasokan listrik Jateng membutuhkan supply daya dari pembangkit listrik dariJawa Timur.

7. Pemberlakuan Tarif Menyala

Meski sampai sekarang TDL (Tarif Dasar Listrik) yang berlaku masih menggunakan TDL 2003, TDL yang dibuat di era pemerintahan Presiden Megawati, tapi beberapa daerah di Jateng dan Jogja misalnya (saya kurang tahu untuk daerah lain) PLN mengeluarkan ketentuan tarif khusus, yaitu Tarif Menyala pada pelanggan R1 daya 450 W dan 900 W. Pada pola pentarifan di Tarif Menyala ini, PLN mengenakan tarif sedikit lebih mahal dari tarif R1 pada TDL 2003. Baca artikel saya disini kalau ingin melihat komparasinya.

8. Diskriminasi

Kalau saya mengamati di beberapa kota atau daerah, PLN memberlakukan diskriminasi untuk jadwal pemadaman dan respon perbaikan sewaktu terjadi gangguan pada lokasi-lokasi tertentu. Kalau lokasiyang merupakan kawasan kantor pemerintahan seperti kantor Walikota, Gubernur, kantor DPRD dan kantor Militer maka listrik akan jarang mati di kawasan tersebut. Kalau pun terjadi pemadaman biasanya tidak akan pernah lama PLN segera menyalakannya. Contoh saja kalau di Jogja adalah kawasan sekitar jalan Malioboro. Kalau di Solo adalah kawasan jalan Slamet Riyadi. Nah, jikaanda ingin aman dari pemadaman, tinggallah di daerah yang dekat dengan kawasan seperti yang saya utarakan tersebut.

9. Dua Sumber Penyulang

Satu lagi cara agar aman dari pemadaman adalah berlangganan listrik ke PLN pakai dua sumber penyulang sekaligus atau dua sumber GI yang berbeda. Dengan berlangganan pakai dua sumber GI maka bila terjadi pemadaman pada salah satu GI maka otomatis bisa switching ke GI yang satunya. Inilah yang banyak dilakukan perusahaan besar seperti Mal-mal dan industri agar aman dari pemadaman listrik, karena prakteknya PLN jarang melakukan pemadaman atau terjadi trouble langsung beberapa GI sekaligus, kecuali peristiwa langka beberapa tahunyang lalu saat terjadinya mati listrik se-Jawa Bali beberapa waktu yang lalu. Dan beberapa perusahaan seperti PT Sampoerna malah melakukan penarikan jaringan kabel tegangan menengah tersendiri langsung ke GI PLN agar aman dari pemadaman karena terpisah dengan jalur listrik umum sehinggabisa meminimalisir tingkat gangguan padamnya listrik.

10. Jualan tapi tidak menjual

PLN adalah salah satu perusahaan yang tidak menerapkan promosi marketing bahkan malah membuat persuasi yang bertentangan dengan teori marketing itu sendiri. PLN, memang kenyataannya perusahaan yang jual listrik tapi meski jualan PLN tidak berlaku sebagaimana perusahaan yang memang jualan dengan menggencarkan promosi agar pelanggannya melakukan pembelian sebanyak-banyaknya. PLN malah sebaliknya, menghimbau pelanggannya agar berhemat. Ini tentu bertentangan dengan teori marketing manapun yang berusaha menjual produknya sebanyak-banyaknya. Nah, ini tentu sisi baik dari PLN diantara sisi kekurangannya yang tentu harus kita akui juga.

Demikian beberapa fakta tentang PLN yang bisa saya rangkum dan share disini berdasarkan pengalaman dan pengetahuan saya. Semoga informasi ini bermanfaat. Jika ada yang terlewat silahkan anda tambahkan di kolom komentar, terima kasih.

Sumber : http://www.diptara.com/2009/11/10-fakta-tentang-pln-yang-perlu-anda.html

Nah kalian udah lihat kan, betapa kasihannya PLN... jd kalo ada mati lampu jangan ngomel dolo pikir dulu sebabnya.. ^^ jujur kadang kalo mati lampu jg saya merasa kesal.., cuma saya tau tidak sepenuhnya kesalahan PLN..., Kalo mati lampu saya jadi ga bisa masukin Artikel ^^! V pis..

Foto - Foto Jaman Hindia Belanda

Selasa, 8 Desember diterbitkan buku yang berisikan foto-foto terlarang yang dibuat di Hindia-Belanda - nama Indonesia di zaman kolonial - antara tahun 1945 hingga akhir 1949.



Foto-foto dilarang pemerintah Batavia, karena hanya mau memberikan gambaran yang positif tentang perang ketika itu. Foto tentara yang terluka tembakan, atau penduduk yang ditangkap dan diancam laras senapan, foto-foto yang boleh dibilang kontroversial, tidak pernah muncul di media Belanda. René Kok, Erik Somers dan Louis Zweers menggabungkan hampir 200 foto dalam buku mereka 'Perang Kolonial 1945-1949: Dari Hindia Belanda ke Indonesia. Radio Nederland berbincang dengan Erik Somers, salah satu penulisnya.

René Kok, Erik Somers dan Louis Zweers memang sudah lama menyelidiki berbagai arsip gambar dan juga fotografi mengenai Perang Dunia II. Selain itu mereka juga menyelidiki arsip-arsip foto di periode dekolonisasi Hindia-Belanda antara 1945 hingga 1949. Ketika itu banyak wartawan yang dipakai oleh pemerintah kolonial untuk membuat foto-foto perang. Para wartawan ini diwajibkan untuk menyerahkan semua foto yang dibuat kepada pemerintah Batavia untuk diseleksi, sebelum dikirim ke media di Belanda.

Disensor
Banyak foto yang tidak terseleksi karena dianggap mengandung unsur-unsur yang mengagetkan sehingga bisa meresahkan sanak keluarga serta penduduk Belanda. Foto serdadu yang terluka misalnya, atau tawanan perang, tidak pernah ditampilkan di media.

Sebenarnya periode 1945, setelah 17 Agustus dan 1949, dikenal dengan periode Bersiap, dan setelah itu dimulai aksi agresi I dan II oleh Belanda, dan berakhir dengan pengakuan kedaulatan Indonesia oleh Belanda 27 Desember 1949. Istilah Belanda 'Politionele Actie' memang sengaja tidak digunakan oleh ketiga penulis. Menurut mereka istilah ini digunakan pemerintah Belanda untuk membenarkan aksi di Indonesia yaitu mengembalikan ketenangan dan pemerintahan di Hindia-Belanda, dan digunakan untuk menutup-nutupi apa yang terjadi ketika itu.

Setelah menyelidiki ratusan foto yang ditemukan, ketiganya menyimpulkan, bahwa sejak hari pertama pasukan Belanda datang ke Indonesia, dimulailah periode perang, dalam hal ini perang kolonial.

Memang saat itu banyak foto yang beredar mengenai perang. Tujuan utama buku ini adalah menerangkan kepada rakyat Belanda, bahwa pemberitaan mengenai perang ketika itu, terutama foto, telah terlebih dulu diseleksi, disensor oleh pemerintah, dinas intel dan militer Belanda. Hanya diperlihatkan foto-foto yang sesuai dengan kebijakan pemerintah, kebanyakan foto-foto yang menutup-nutupi dan tidak memperlihatkan situasi yang sebenarnya. Jadi foto-foto yang tidak membuat khawatir sanak keluarga para militer di Belanda. Ketika itu ada 120.000 tentara Belanda dikirim ke Indonesia.

Keadaan sesungguhnya
Foto-foto yang diterbitkan sekarang, justru foto yang dilarang atau ditolak oleh badan sensor, tapi oleh karena satu dan lain hal masih tetap disimpan di berbagai badan arsip. Foto-foto ini menunjukkan gambaran lain tentang perang, kekerasan, teror dan lainnya, atau gambaran perang sesungguhnya.

Rakyat Belanda tidak boleh merasa khawatir akan nasib tentara, sanak keluarga mereka yang ditugaskan ke Hindia-Belanda. Itulah tujuan utama. Setiap bentuk keresahan, apalagi tentangan terhadap perang ini membawa dampak negatif bagi pemerintah dan pimpinan militer Belanda ketika itu. Termasuk foto-foto di mana penduduk Indonesia menyambut gembira pasukan Belanda yang ketika itu dianggap sebagai 'pembebas'.

Kebijakan yang sama juga digunakan pemerintah Amerika Serikat dalam perang Irak. Dan juga di Afghanistan. Foto-foto yang dipublikasi sebisa mungkin tidak membuat orang bereaksi negatif. Foto-foto yang dibuat fotografer embedded, dan dibuat berdasarkan permintaan pemerintah atau militer.

Foto-foto ini bertolak belakang dengan cerita para serdadu yang kemudian kembali ke Belanda. Setibanya di tanah air mereka merasa tidak dihargai, karena gambaran publik tentang perang itu sangat positif. Tidak ada kejahatan, kekerasan, teror atau aksi berdarah.

Selain itu Belanda juga perlahan-lahan harus menerima bahwa mereka kehilangan wilayah koloni dan dari awalnya perang ini sudah dianggap gagal. Satu hal yang sudah pasti tidak menimbulkan simpati publik.

Reaksi
Banyak reaksi diterima ketiga penulis, terutama dari kalangan veteran KNIL di Belanda. dan juga dari anak-anak mereka, generasi kedua setelah perang. Buku ini, dan terutama foto-foto tersebut menjelaskan mengapa ayah mereka tidak mau berbicara tentang perang. Atau justru bercerita banyak mengenai berbagai kekerasan yang terjadi di saat perang, menjelang akhir hayat mereka. Dengan kata lain buku ini menceritakan sisi negatif dari perang.

Koloniale Oorlog: 1945-1949
René Kok, Erik Somers, Louis Zweers
Penerbit Carrera
ISBN: 978 90 488 0320 0

Terbit mulai 8 Desember 2009

Seorang pemuda yang terluka diberi pertolongan medis oleh anggota brigade marinir Belanda


Operasi Quantico. Seorang serdadu marinir terlihat mengancam sekelompok warga Indonesia yang diintrogasi


Operasi Quantico. Seorang pemuda ditarik rambutnya agar keluar dari tempat persembunyian


Presiden Soekarno dan Ibu Fatmawati dielu-elukan oleh warga Indonesia, setelah berpidato di Yogyakarta, November 1949



sumber: http://haxims.blogspot.com/2009/12/foto-foto-terlarang-dari-hindia-belanda.htm

Garuda Terbesar di Indonesia

Menakjubkan... gak tanggung tanggung karya besar ini, ckckckc,,,,
Kalo anda jalan-jalan ke Google Earth, coba mampir ke sini koordinat ini 6°25′3.84″S 106°57′30.03″E

dari wikimapia, rupanya kompleks gedung ini bernama graha garuda tiara. dari hasil googling, rupanya ini sudah pernah dibahas paling tidak sejak setahun yang lalu. tampaknya kompleks gedung ini tidak lagi dipergunakan dan terbengkalai, tersangkut kasus dana jamsostek senilai 75 milyar. sejarah kompleks garuda tiara yang lumayan lengkap bisa dibaca di tulisan project jadul – garuda tiara, yang sayangnya tidak menampilkan tampak atas kompleks ini sehingga kurang menarik perhatian.

berikut ini adalah maket kompleks tersebut yang saya dapatkan dari tulisan Graha Garuda Tiara Indonesia, Cileungsi, Bogor:

Sayang banget gedung ini jika terbengkalai...

The Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia of 1945

PREAMBLE

Whereas independence is a genuine right of all nations and any form of alien occupation should thus be erased from the earth as not in conformity with humanity and justice,

Whereas the struggle of the Indonesian independence movement has reached the blissful point of leading the Indonesian people safely and well before the monumental gate of an independent Indonesian State which shall be free, united, sovereign, just and prosperous,

By the grace of God Almighty and urged by the lofty aspiration to exist as a free nation,

Now therefore, the people of Indonesia declare herewith their independence,

Pursuant to which, in order to form a Government of the State of Indonesia that shall protect the whole people of Indonesia and the entire homeland of Indonesia, and in order to advance general prosperity, to develop the nation's intellectual life, and to contribute to the implementation of a world order based on freedom, lasting peace and social justice, Indonesia's National Independence shall be laid down in a Constitution of the State of Indonesia, which is to be established as the State of the Republic of Indonesia with sovereignty of the people and based on the belief in the One and Only God, on just and civilized humanity, on the unity of Indonesia and on democratic rule that is guided by the strength of wisdom resulting from deliberation / representation, so as to realize social justice for all the people of Indonesia.

THE CONSTITUTION

SECTION I

FORM AND SOVEREIGNTY

Article 1
(1) The State of Indonesia shall be a unitary state, with the form of a Republic.
(2) Sovereignty is vested in the people and implemented pursuant to the Constitution. ***
(3) The State of Indonesia is a state based on the rule of law. ***

SECTION II

MAJELIS PERMUSYAWARATAN RAKYAT

Article 2

(1) The MPR consists of the members of the DPR and the members of the DPD who are chosen through general elections and further regulated by law. ****
(2) The MPR shall convene at least once every five years in the capital of the state.
(3) All decisions of the MPR shall be taken by majority vote.

Article 3

(1) The MPR has the authority to amend and to ordain the Constitution. ***
(2) The MPR installs the President and/or the Vice President. ***/****
(3) The MPR may only dismiss the President and/or Vice President during their term of office in accordance with the Constitution. ***/****

SECTION III

THE STATE'S EXECUTIVE POWERS

Article 4
(1) The President of the Republic of Indonesia shall hold the power of government in accordance with the Constitution.
(2) In exercising his duties, the President shall be assisted by a Vice President.

Article 5
(1) The President is entitled to submit bills to the DPR. *
(2) The President shall issue government regulations to implement laws as needed.

Article 6
(1) A Presidential candidate and a Vice Presidential candidate has to be an Indonesian citizen from birth, who has never received another nationality of his own volition, who has never betrayed the country, and who is mentally and physically capable of carrying out his duties as President or Vice President. ***
(2) The requirements to become President and Vice President are further regulated by law. ***

Article 6A
(1) The President and the Vice President shall be elected as a pair by the people directly. ***
(2) Each pair for President and Vice President shall be proposed prior to general elections by a political party or by a coalition of political parties contesting the general elections. ***
(3) The pair of Presidential and Vice Presidential candidates that receives more than fifty percent of the vote from the total of votes in the general election with at least twenty percent of the vote in more than half of the total number of provinces in Indonesia, shall be installed as President and Vice President. ***
(4) In the event that no pair for Presidential and Vice Presidential candidates is elected, the two pairs of candidates who have received the first and second highest number of votes in the general election shall be submitted to direct election by the people and the pair that gets most of the votes shall be installed as President and Vice President. ****
(5) The procedure to organize the election for President and Vice President shall be further regulated by law. ***

Article 7
The President and Vice President hold office for a term of five years and can afterwards be elected to the same office, for one other term only. *

Article 7A
The President and/or Vice President may be dismissed from office by the MPR based on a proposal from the DPR, either when proven guilty of violating the law by betrayal of the state, of corruption, of bribery, of any other felony, or because of disgraceful behavior, as well as when proven no longer to fulfill the conditions as President and/or Vice President. ***

Article 7B
(1) A proposal to dismiss the President and/or Vice President can only be submitted by the DPR to the MPR after filing first a request to the Constitutional Court to investigate, to bring to trial and to pass judgment over the DPR's view that the President and/or Vice President has violated the law by betrayal of the state, through corruption, bribery, any other felony, or by disgraceful behavior; and/or over the view that the President and/or Vice President is no longer capable of fulfilling the conditions as President and/or Vice President. ***
(2) The DPR's view that the President and/or Vice President has committed such a crime or is no longer capable of fulfilling the conditions as President and/or Vice President is to be seen in the framework of the DPR implementing its supervisory function. ***
(3) The DPR's request to the Constitutional Court can only be submitted if supported by at least 2/3 of all DPR members present in a plenary session that is attended by at least 2/3 of the total number of members in the DPR. ***
(4) The Constitutional Court must investigate, bring to trial and pass the fairest judgment possible over the DPR's view at the latest ninety days after the DPR's request was received by the Constitutional Court. ***
(5) In the event that the Constitutional Court resolves that the President and/or Vice President is proven guilty of violating the law by betrayal of the state, of corruption, of bribery, of any other felony, or because of disgraceful behavior; and/or if proven that the President and/or Vice President is no longer capable of fulfilling the conditions as President and/or Vice President, then the DPR shall convene a plenary session to submit a proposal to the MPR to impeach the President and/or Vice President. ***
(6) The MPR shall convene a session to decide on the DPR's proposal at the latest thirty days from the moment the MPR received this proposal. ***
(7) The MPR's decision on the proposal to impeach the President and/or Vice President shall be taken in a plenary session of the MPR attended by at least ? of the total number of members in the MPR and supported by at least 2/3 of the members present, after the President and/or the Vice President has been given the opportunity to present his explanation to the plenary session of the MPR. ***

Article 7C
The President may not lock out or dissolve the DPR. ***

Article 8
(1) If during his term the President passes away, resigns, is impeached, or is unable to carry out his duties, he shall be replaced until the end of that term by the Vice President. ***
(2) In case the position of the Vice President falls vacant, the MPR shall convene at the latest within sixty days to select a Vice President among two candidates nominated by the President. ***
(3) If during their term both the President and Vice President simultaneously pass away, resign, are impeached, or are unable to carry out their duties, the office of the presidency shall be taken up collectively by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Minister of Internal Affairs, the Minister of Defense. After thirty days at the latest, the MPR shall convene to elect for the remainder of the term a President and a Vice President among the two pairs for Presidential and Vice Presidential candidates who were proposed by a political party or by a coalition of political parties and who came in first and second as pairs of candidates for President and Vice President in the last general election. ****

Article 9
(1) Prior to taking office, the President and the Vice President shall take oath according to their religion, or to make a solemn pledge before the MPR or the DPR as follows:

The Oath of President (Vice President):

"I swear by God to fulfill the duties of President (Vice President) of the Republic of Indonesia to the best of my capabilities and in the fairest way possible, to uphold the Constitution by all means and to execute all laws and regulations as straightforwardly as possible as well as to dedicate myself to the service of the Nation and the People."

The Pledge of the President (Vice President):

"I solemnly pledge to fulfill the duties of President (Vice President) of the Republic of Indonesia to the best of my capabilities and in the fairest way possible, to uphold the Constitution by all means and to execute all laws and regulations as straightforwardly as possible as well as to dedicate myself to the service of the Nation and the People." *
(2) In the event that the MPR or the DPR is unable to convene, the President and the Vice President shall take oath according to their religion, or make a solemn pledge before the leadership of the MPR witnessed by the leadership of the Supreme Court. *

Article 10
The President is the Supreme Commander of the Land Forces, the Navy and the Air Force.

Article 11
(1) With the approval of the DPR the President may declare war, make peace and conclude treaties with other countries. ****
(2) When entering into other international agreements that entail broad and fundamental consequences for the existence of the people because of links to the state's financial burden, and/or because they require amendments to laws or the enactment of new ones, the President needs the approval of the DPR. ***
(3) Further provisions as to international agreements shall be regulated by law. ***

Article 12
The President declares the state of emergency. The conditions and consequences of a state of emergency shall be regulated by law.

Article 13
(1) Ambassadors and consuls are appointed by the President.
(2) In appointing ambassadors, the President shall take into account the considerations of the DPR. *
(3) The President receives the accreditation of ambassadors from other countries taking into account the considerations of the DPR. *

Article 14
(1) The President may grant clemency and rehabilitation taking into account the considerations of the Supreme Court. *
(2) The President may grant amnesty and abolition taking into account the considerations of the DPR. *

Article 15
The President may grant titles, decorations, and other insignia as provided by the law. *

Article 16
The President is to set up an advisory council whose duty it is to give the President advice and recommendations, and which is to be further regulated by law. ****

SECTION IV

DEWAN PERTIMBANGAN AGUNG

Abolished ****

SECTION V

STATE MINISTERS

Article 17
(1) The President is assisted by state ministers.
(2) The ministers are appointed and dismissed by the President. *
(3) Each minister is responsible for a specific area of governance. *
(4) The establishment, changes, and dissolution of state ministries shall be regulated by law. ***

SECTION VI

REGIONAL ADMINISTRATION

Article 18
(1) The Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia is divided into provinces and a province is divided into kabupaten and kota, with each province, kabupaten and kota having its own regional administration, regulated by law. **
(2) The administration of a province, of a kabupaten, and of a kota shall regulate and manage its own government matters in accordance with the principles of regional autonomy and the duty of providing assistance. **
(3) Each provincial, kabupaten, and kota administration shall have its own DPRD whose members shall be elected through a general election. **
(4) A Governor, Bupati, and Mayor, each heading respectively the administration of a province, a kabupaten, and a kota shall be elected democratically. **
(5) A regional administration shall exercise the broadest possible autonomy, except for matters of governance that are determined by law as the prerogative of the Central Government. **
(6) A regional administration shall have the right to adopt regional regulations as well as other rules to implement autonomy and the duty of providing assistance. **
(7) The organization and mechanisms of implementing regional administration are to be regulated by law. **

Article 18A
(1) Relations as to authority between the central government and the administrations of a province, a kabupaten, a kota, as well as between a province and a kabupaten or a kota, are to be regulated by law with special regard for the specificity and diversity of each region. **
(2) Relations as to finance, public services, the exploitation of natural and other resources between the central government and the regional administrations are to be regulated by law and implemented in a just and synchronized way. **

Article 18B
(1) The State shall recognize and respect entities of regional administration that possess a specificity or a distinctiveness that are to be regulated by law. **
(2) The State shall recognize and respect, to be regulated by law, the homogeneity of societies with customary law along with their traditional rights for as long as they remain in existence and in agreement with societal development and with the principle of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. **

SECTION VII

DEWAN PERWAKILAN RAKYAT

Article 19
(1) The members of the DPR are elected through a general election. **
(2) The organization of the DPR is regulated by law. **
(3) The DPR convenes at least once a year. **

Article 20
(1) The DPR has the power to enact laws. *
(2) Each bill shall be discussed between the DPR and the President so as to reach a joint agreement. *
(3) If a bill fails to reach a joint agreement, it may not be introduced to the DPR again during its current term. *
(4) The President shall endorse into law a bill that has reached a joint agreement. *
(5) When a bill that has already reached a joint agreement is not endorsed by the President within thirty days after it has been jointly approved, the bill shall nevertheless become a valid law that has to be promulgated as such. **

Article 20A
(1) The DPR has legislative, budgeting and supervisory functions. **
(2) To carry out its functions the DPR, apart from the rights regulated elsewhere in this Constitution, has the rights of interpellation, of enquiry, and of expressing opinions. **
(3) Apart from the rights regulated elsewhere in this Constitution, each member of the DPR has the right to ask questions, to make proposals and to give his opinion along with the right to immunity. **
(4) Further provisions regarding the rights of the DPR and of the members of the DPR shall be regulated by law. **

Article 21
(1) The members of the DPR have the right to introduce bills. *

Article 22
(1) In compelling crisis situations the President shall have the right to issue government regulations in lieu of law.
(2) Such government regulations have to be approved by the DPR in its next session.
(3) If not approved, the government regulation in question has to be revoked.

Article 22A
Further provisions about the procedure to enact laws shall be regulated by law. **

Article 22B
Members of the DPR can be removed from office, according to conditions and procedures to be regulated by law. **

SECTION VIIA ***

DEWAN PERWAKILAN DAERAH

Article 22C
(1) The members of the DPD shall be elected from each province through a general election. ***
(2) The total number of DPD members from each province shall be the same and the total number of members in the DPD shall not be more than 1/3 of the total number of members in the DPR. ***
(3) The DPD shall convene at least once a year. ***
(4) The organization and authority of the DPD are to be regulated by law. ***

Article 22D
(1) The DPD may submit to the DPR bills dealing with regional autonomy, relations between the center and the regions, the establishment and growth as well as the merger of regions, the management of natural and other economic resources, and matters related to the financial balance between the center and the regions. ***
(2) The DPD is to participate in debates on bills dealing with regional autonomy; relations between the center and the regions; the establishment, growth and merger of regions; the management of natural and other economic resources, and matters related to the financial balance between the center and the regions; and, moreover, give its recommendations to the DPR on bills dealing with the state budget as well as on bills dealing with taxation, education, and religion. ***
(3) The DPD may supervise the implementation of laws regarding: regional autonomy, the establishment and growth as well as the merger of regions, the management of natural and other economic resources, the implementation of the state budget, taxation, education, and religion and may in addition submit the results of this supervision to the DPR as input for follow-up considerations. ***
(4) Members of the DPD can be removed from office, according to conditions and procedures to be regulated by law. ***

SECTION VIIB ***

GENERAL ELECTIONS

Article 22E
(1) Every five years general elections are to be organized in a direct, public, free, secret, honest, and fair way. ***
(2) The general elections are organized to elect the members of the DPR, the DPD, the President and the Vice President and the DPRD. ***
(3) The participants in the general elections to elect the members of the DPR and of the DPRD are political parties. ***
(4) The participants in the general elections to elect the members of the DPD are individuals. ***
(5) The general elections shall be organized by a general election commission that shall be national, permanent and independent in nature. ***
(6) Further provisions regarding the general elections are to be regulated by law. ***

SECTION VIII

FINANCIAL MATTERS

Article 23
(1) The state budget as the materialization of the state's financial management shall annually be determined in the form of a law and be implemented in an open and accountable way in order to achieve maximum prosperity for the people. ***
(2) The bill on the state budget shall be submitted by the President for joint debate with the DPR taking into account the recommendations from the DPD. ***
(3) If the DPR does not agree with the bill on the state budget proposed by the President, the Government is to implement the state budget of the preceding year. ***

Article 23A
Taxes and other compulsory levies required for the needs of the state are to be regulated by law. ***

Article 23B
The kinds and value of the national currency shall be regulated by law. ****

Article 23C
Other matters regarding state finances shall be regulated by law. ***

Article 23D
The state owns a central bank the organization, authority, competence, responsibilities, and independence of which are regulated by law. ****

SECTION VIIIA ***

BADAN PEMERIKSA KEUANGAN

Article 23E
(1) To audit the management of and accountability for the state's finances a free and independent BPK shall be set up. ***
(2) The results of the state finances' audits shall be submitted to the DPR, the DPD, the DPRD, in accordance with the competence of each. ***
(3) The audit results are to be followed through by the representative institutions and/or by other bodies in accordance with the law. ***

Article 23F
(1) The members of the BPK are selected by the DPR taking into account considerations from the DPD and shall be installed by the President. ***
(2) BPK's management is selected from among and by its members. ***

Article 23G
(1) The BPK has its main seat in the state's capital, with representations in each province. ***
(2) Further provisions regarding the BPK are to be regulated by law. ***

SECTION IX

THE JUDICIAL POWERS

Article 24
(1) The judicial powers shall be independent with the authority to organize the judicature in order to uphold law and justice. ***
(2) The judicial powers shall be carried out by a Supreme Court and by its subordinate judicatory bodies dealing with general, religious, military, state administrative judicial fields, and by a Constitutional Court. ***
(3) Other bodies dealing with judicial powers are to be regulated by law. ****

Article 24A
(1) The Supreme Court shall have the competence to try cassation cases, to review regulations made under a law against that law, as well as other competences as provided by law. ***
(2) Each supreme justice must have integrity and a personality beyond reproach, be just, professional and experienced in matters of law. ***
(3) Candidates for supreme justices are proposed by the Judicial Commission for approval to the DPR and subsequently installed as supreme justices by the President. ***
(4) The chairman and vice chairman of the Supreme Court are to be chosen from among and by the supreme justices. ***
(5) The organization, authority, membership, and judicial procedures of the Supreme Court as well as of its subordinate judicatory bodies shall be regulated by law. ***

Article 24B
(1) The Judicial Commission shall be independent in nature and have the competence to make proposals for the appointment of supreme justices as well as other competences within the framework of safeguarding and upholding the honor, the high status and the behavior of judges. ***
(2) The members of the Judicial Commission must have knowledge and experience in matters of law and an integrity and personality beyond reproach. ***
(3) The members of the Judicial Commission are to be appointed and dismissed by the President in agreement with the DPR. ***
(4) The organization, authority, and membership of the Judicial Commission shall be regulated by law. ***

Article 24C
(1) The Constitutional Court shall have the authority to make final decisions in cases of first and last instance handling the review of laws against the Constitution, to decide on authority arguments among state institutions whose competence is enshrined in the Constitution, to decide on the dissolution of political parties, and to decide on disputes regarding general election results. ***
(2) The Constitutional Court has the duty to rule on an opinion of the DPR regarding alleged violations of the Constitution by the President or the Vice President. ***
(3) The Constitutional Court shall have as its members nine constitutional justices, to be installed by the President, three among them nominated by the Supreme Court, three by the DPR, and three by the President. ***
(4) The chairman and the vice chairman of the Constitutional Court are to be elected from among and by the constitutional justices. ***
(5) The constitutional justices must have integrity and a personality beyond reproach, be just, statesmanlike, master constitutional and state administrative matters, and not hold a position as state official. ***
(6) The appointment and dismissal of constitutional justices, judicial procedures and other provisions dealing with the Constitutional Court are to be regulated by law. ***

Article 25
The conditions to become or to be dismissed as a judge are determined by law.

SECTION IXA **

STATE TERRITORY

Article 25A
The Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia is an archipelagic state the surface and boundaries of which are to be established by law. **

SECTION X

CITIZENS AND RESIDENTS

Article 26
(1) Citizens are those who are indigenous Indonesians and persons of foreign origin who are legalized as citizens in accordance with the law.
(2) Residents consist of Indonesian citizens and foreigners residing in Indonesia. **
(3) Matters of citizenship and residency are to be regulated by law. **

Article 27
(1) All citizens shall have equal status before the law and the government and hold without exemption the law and the government in esteem.
(2) Each citizen shall be entitled to an occupation and an existence proper for a human being.
(3) Each citizen shall have the right and the duty to participate in the defense of the nation. **

Article 28
The liberties of association and assembly, the freedom of thought expressed verbally or in writing and similar rights are to be determined by law.

SECTION XA **

FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS

Article 28A
Each person has the right to live and the right to defend his life and existence. **

Article 28B
(1) Each person has the right to establish a family and to generate offspring through a lawful marriage. **
(2) Each child has the right to live, grow up, and develop as well as the right to protection from violence or discrimination. **

Article 28C
(1) Every person has the right to self-realization through the fulfillment of his basic needs, the right to education and to partake in the benefits of science and technology, art and culture, so as to improve the quality of his life and the well-being of mankind. **
(2) Each person has the right to self-improvement by way of a collective struggle for his rights with a view to developing society, the nation, and the country. **

Article 28D
(1) Each person has the right to recognition, security, protection and certainty under the law that shall be just and treat everybody as equal before the law. **
(2) Every person is entitled to an occupation as well as to get income and a fair and proper treatment in labor relations. **
(3) Each citizen has the right to equal opportunity in government. **
(4) Each person has a right to a nationality. **

Article 28E
(1) Each person is free to worship and to practice the religion of his choice, to choose education and schooling, his occupation, his nationality, his residency in the territory of the country that he shall be able to leave and to which he shall have the right to return. **
(2) Each person has the right to be free in his convictions, to assert his thoughts and tenets, in accordance with his conscience. **
(3) Each person has the right to freely associate, assemble, and express his opinions. **

Article 28F
Each person has the right to communication and to acquiring information for his own and his social environment's development, as well as the right to seek, obtain, possess, store, process, and spread information via all kinds of channels available. **

Article 28G
(1) Each person is entitled to protection of self, his family, honor, dignity, the property he owns, and has the right to feel secure and to be protected against threats from fear to do or not to do something that is part of basic rights. **
(2) Each person has the right to be free from torture or inhuman and degrading treatment and shall be entitled to obtain political asylum from another country. **

Article 28H
(1) Each person has a right to a life of well-being in body and mind, to a place to dwell, to enjoy a good and healthy environment, and to receive medical care. **
(2) Each person has the right to facilities and special treatment to get the same opportunities and advantages in order to reach equality and justice. **
(3) Each person is entitled to social security enabling him to develop his entire self unimpaired as a dignified human being. **
(4) Each person has the right to own private property and such ownership shall not be appropriated arbitrarily by whomsoever. **

Article 28I
(1) The rights to life, to remain free from torture, to freedom of thought and conscience, to adhere to a religion, the right not to be enslaved, to be treated as an individual before the law, and the right not to be prosecuted on the basis of retroactive legislation, are fundamental human rights that shall not be curtailed under any circumstance. **
(2) Each person has the right to be free from acts of discrimination based on what grounds ever and shall be entitled to protection against such discriminative treatment. **
(3) The cultural identities and rights of traditional communities are to be respected in conjunction with progressing times and civilization. **
(4) Protecting, promoting, upholding, and the full realization of human rights are the responsibilities of the state, foremost of the government. **
(5) To uphold and protect human rights in accordance with the principles of a democratic and law-based state, the implementation of fundamental human rights is to be guaranteed, regulated, and laid down in laws and regulations. **

Article 28J
(1) Each person has the obligation to respect the fundamental human rights of others while partaking in the life of the community, the nation, and the state. **
(2) In exercising his rights and liberties, each person has the duty to accept the limitations determined by law for the sole purposes of guaranteeing the recognition and respect of the rights and liberties of other people and of satisfying a democratic society's just demands based on considerations of morality, religious values, security, and public order. **

SECTION XI

RELIGION

Article 29
(1) The state is based on the belief in the One and Only God.
(2) The state guarantees each and every citizen the freedom of religion and of worship in accordance with his religion and belief.

SECTION XII **

DEFENSE AND SECURITY OF THE STATE

Article 30
(1) Each citizen has the right and the duty to participate in the defense and security of the state. **
(2) The defense and security of the state are undertaken through a defense and security system that encompasses the entire population with TNI and POLRI as the main powers, and the population as the supporting power. **
(3) TNI comprises the Land Forces, the Navy, and the Air Force as the state's instruments to defend, protect, and maintain the state's integrity and sovereignty. **
(4) POLRI is the state's instrument to safeguard security along with law and order among the population and has the duty to protect, to shield, and to serve the population, as well as to uphold the law. **
(5) The structure and the authority of TNI, of POLRI, the relations as to the authorities of each TNI and POLRI in exercising their duties, the conditions under which the citizens can partake in the state's defense and security, as well as other aspects regarding defense and security are to be regulated by law. **

SECTION XIII ****

EDUCATION AND CULTURE

Article 31
(1) Each citizen has the right to an education. ****
(2) Each citizen is obliged to follow elementary education and the government has the duty to fund this. ****
(3) The government organizes and implements a national education system, to be regulated by law, that aims at enhancing religious and pious feelings as well as moral excellence with a view to upgrading national life. ****
(4) The state shall give priority to the education budget by allocating at least twenty percent of the state's as well as of the regional budgets to meet the requirements of implementing national education. ****
(5) The government advances science and technology along with holding religious values and national unity in high esteem with a view to promoting civilization as well as the well-being of humanity. ***

Article 32
(1) The state shall advance Indonesia's national culture among the civilizations of the world by guaranteeing the freedom of the people to maintain and develop cultural values. ****
(2) The state shall respect and preserve the languages in the regions as national cultural treasures. ****

SECTION XIV ****

NATIONAL ECONOMY AND SOCIAL WELFARE

Article 33
(1) The economy is to be structured as a common endeavor based on familial principles. ****
(2) Production sectors that are vital to the state and that affect the livelihood of a considerable part of the population are to be controlled by the state. ****
(3) The land and the waters as well as the natural riches therein are to be controlled by the state to be exploited to the greatest benefit of the people. ****
(4) The organization of the national economy shall be based on economic democracy that upholds the principles of solidarity, efficiency along with fairness, sustainability, keeping the environment in perspective, self-sufficiency, and that is concerned as well with balanced progress and with the unity of the national economy. ****
(5) Further provisions regarding the implementation of this article are to be regulated by law. ****

Article 34
(1) Impoverished persons and abandoned children are to be taken care of by the state. ****
(2) The state develops a social security system for everybody and empowers the weak and underprivileged in society in accordance with their dignity as human beings. ****
(3) The state has the responsibility to provide proper medical and public service facilities. ****
(4) Further provisions regarding the implementation of this article are to be regulated by law. ****

SECTION XV **

THE STATE'S FLAG, LANGUAGE, AND COAT OF ARMS, AND THE NATIONAL ANTHEM

Article 35
The flag of the Indonesian state is the "Sang Merah Putih".

Article 36
The language of the state is "Bahasa Indonesia".

Article 36A
The state's Coat of Arms is the "Garuda Pancasila" with "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" as its motto. **

Articles 36B
The national anthem is "Indonesia Raya". **

Article 36C
Further provisions regarding the flag, language, and coat of arms of the state, as well as to the national anthem are to be regulated by law. **

SECTION XVI

AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION

Article 37
(1) Proposals to amend articles of the Constitution can be put on the agenda of the MPR session if submitted by at least 1/3 of the total number of members in the MPR. ****
(2) Each proposal to amend articles of the Constitution has to be submitted in writing and to mention clearly which part should to be amended and for what reason. ****
(3) To amend articles of the Constitution the MPR session has to be attended by at least 2/3 of all members of the MPR. ****
(4) A decision to amend articles of the Constitution requires the agreement of at least fifty percent plus one vote of all the members of the MPR. ****
(5) Especially those provisions regarding the form of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia may not be amended. ****

TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS

Article I
All existing laws and regulations shall remain valid until new ones under this Constitution come into effect. ****

Article II
All existing state institutions shall continue to implement the provisions of the Constitution as long as they have not been replaced by new ones under this Constitution. ****

Article III
The Constitutional Court has to be established at the latest by 17 August 2003 and until such establishment all its competencies shall be carried out by the Supreme Court. ***

ADDITIONAL PROVISIONS

Article I
The MPR shall review the contents and the legal status of the decisions of the MPRS and the MPR for decision by the MPR session of 2003. ****

Article II
With the enactment of these constitutional amendments, the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia shall consist of a Preamble and articles. ****

Remarks

Up to July 2003, the Constitution has been amended four times. The asterisks used in the titles of the Sections or after a paragraph in an article, refer to the amendment concerned:

* the First Amendment of 19 October 1999

** the Second Amendment of 18 August 2000

*** the Third Amendment of 9 November 2001

**** the Fourth Amendment of 11 August 2002

Under Cover of Racist Myth, A New Land Grab in Australia: Claims of child abuse are proving a fertile pretext to menace the Aboriginal communities lyi

Its banks secured in the warmth of the southern spring, Australia is not news. It ought to be. An epic scandal of racism, injustice and brutality is being covered up in the manner of apartheid South Africa. Many Australians conspire in this silence, wishing never to reflect upon the truth about their society’s Untermenschen, the Aboriginal people.

The facts are not in dispute: thousands of black Australians never reach the age of 40; an entirely preventable disease, trachoma, blinds black children as epidemics of rheumatic fever ravage their communities; suicide among the despairing young is common. No other developed country has such a record. A pervasive white myth, that Aborigines leech off the state, serves to conceal the disgrace that money the federal government says it spends on indigenous affairs actually goes towards opposing native land rights. In 2006, some A$3bn was underspent “or the result of creative accounting”, reported the Sydney Morning Herald. Like the children of apartheid, the Aboriginal children of Thamarrurr in the Northern Territory receive less than half the educational resources allotted to white children.

In 2005, the UN committee on the elimination of racial discrimination described the racism of the Australian state, a distinction afforded no other developed country. This was in the decade-long rule of the conservative coalition of John Howard, whose coterie of white supremacist academics and journalists assaulted the truth of recorded genocide in Australia, especially the horrific separations of Aboriginal children from their families. They deployed arguments not dissimilar to those David Irving used to promote Holocaust denial.

Smear by media as a precursor to the latest round of repression is long familiar to black Australians. In 2006, the flagship current affairs programme of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Lateline, broadcast lurid allegations of “sex slavery” among the Mutitjulu people in the Northern Territory. The programme’s source, described as an “anonymous youth worker”, was later exposed as a federal government official whose “evidence” was discredited by the Northern Territory chief minister and the police.

The ABC has never retracted its allegations, claiming it has been “exonerated by an internal inquiry”. Shortly before last year’s election, Howard declared a “national emergency” and sent the army to the Northern Territory to “protect the children” who, said his minister for indigenous affairs, were being abused in “unthinkable numbers”.

Last February, with much sentimental fanfare, the new prime minister, Labor’s Kevin Rudd, made a formal apology to the first Australians. Australia was said to be finally coming to terms with its rapacious past and present. Was it? “The Rudd government,” noted a Sydney Morning Herald editorial, “has moved quickly to clear away this piece of political wreckage in a way that responds to some of its own supporters’ emotional needs, yet it changes nothing. It is a shrewd manoeuvre.”

In May, barely reported government statistics revealed that of the 7,433 Aboriginal children examined by doctors as part of the “national emergency”, 39 had been referred to the authorities for suspected abuse. Of those, a maximum of just four possible cases of abuse were identified. Such were the “unthinkable numbers”. They were little different from those of child abuse in white Australia. What was different was that no soldiers invaded the beachside suburbs, no white parents were swept aside, no white welfare was “quarantined”. Marion Scrymgour, an Aboriginal minister in the Northern Territory, said: “To see decent, caring [Aboriginal] fathers, uncles, brothers and grandfathers, who are undoubtedly innocent of the horrific charges being bandied about, reduced to helplessness and tears, speaks to me of widespread social damage.”

What the doctors found they already knew — children at risk from a spectrum of extreme poverty and the denial of resources in one of the world’s richest countries. Having let a few crumbs fall, Rudd is picking up where Howard left off. His indigenous affairs minister, Jenny Macklin, has threatened to withdraw government support from remote communities that are “economically unviable”. The Northern Territory is the only region where Aborigines have comprehensive land rights, granted almost by accident 30 years ago. Here lie some of the world’s biggest uranium deposits. Canberra wants to mine and sell it.

Foreign governments, especially the US, want the Northern Territory as a toxic dump. The Adelaide to Darwin railway that runs adjacent to Olympic Dam, the world’s largest uranium mine, was built with the help of Kellogg, Brown & Root — a subsidiary of American giant Halliburton, the alma mater of Dick Cheney, Howard’s “mate”. “The land grab of Aboriginal tribal land has nothing to do with child sexual abuse,” says the Australian scientist Helen Caldicott, “but all to do with open slather uranium mining and converting the Northern Territory to a global nuclear dump.”

What is unique about Australia is not its sun-baked, derivative society, clinging to the sea, but its first people, the oldest on earth, whose skill and courage in surviving invasion, of which the current onslaught is merely the latest, deserve humanity’s support.

www.johnpilger.com

Si Miskin yang Tamak

Alkisah di Riau pada jaman dahulu kala hiduplah sepasang suami istri yang sangat miskin.

Mereka hidup serba kekurangan karena penghasilan mereka tidak bisa mencukupi kebutuhan mereka sehari-hari. Jangankan untuk membeli lauk pauk, untuk mendapatkan beras pun kadang-kadang harus berhutang pada tetangga. Hidup mereka benar-benar memprihatinkan.

Suatu hari pak Miskin bermimpi. Seorang kakek datang menemuinya dan memberikannya seutas tali.
“Hai Miskin! Besok pergilah merakit dan carilah sebuah mata air di sungai Sepunjung!” kata si kakek yang kemudian menghilang.

Pak Miskin terbangun dengan bingung. “Wahai, mimpi apa aku tadi? Kenapa kakek tadi menyuruhku pergi merakit?” kata pak Miskin dalam hati.

Hari masih pagi, ketika pak Miskin akhirnya memutuskan untuk mengikuti pesan si kakek.
“Tidak ada salahnya mencoba. Siapa tahu aku mendapatkan keberuntungan,” pikir pak Miskin.

Maka pergilah ia dengan menggunakan perahu satu-satunya. Dia terus mendayung di sepanjang sungai sambil mencari mata air yang dimaksud si kakek dalam mimpinya. Tidak berapa lama dilihatnya riakan air di pinggir sungai pertanda bahwa di bawah sungai itu terdapat mata air.
“Hmmm, mungkin ini mata air yang dimaksud,” pikir pak Miskin.

Dia menengok ke kanan dan ke kiri mencari si kakek dalam mimpinya. Namun hingga lelah lehernya, si kakek tidak juga kelihatan.

Ketika dia sudah mulai tidak sabar, tiba-tiba muncullah seutas tali di samping perahunya. Tanpa pikir panjang ditariknya tali tersebut. Ternyata di ujung tali itu terikat rantai yang terbuat dari emas. Alangkah senangnya pak Miskin. Cepat-cepat ditariknya rantai itu.
“Oh, ternyata benar, ini adalah hari keberuntunganku. Dengan emas ini aku akan kaya!,” kata pak Miskin dengan gembira.

Dia menarik rantai itu dengan sekuat tenaga dan mengumpulkan rantai tersebut di atas perahunya. Tiba-tiba terdengar kicau seekor burung dari atas pohon: “Cepatlah potong tali itu dan kembalilah pulang!”

Namun karena terlalu gembira, pak Miskin tidak mengindahkan kicauan burung itu. Dia terus menarik rantai emas itu hingga perahunya tidak kuat lagi menahan bebannya. Dan benar saja, beberapa saat kemudian perahu itu miring dan kemudian terbalik bersama pak Miskin yang masih memegang rantai emasnya.

Rantai emas yang berat itu menarik tubuh pak Miskin hingga terseret ke dalam sungai. Pak Miskin berusaha menarik rantai itu. Namun rantai itu malah melilitnya dan menyeretnya semakin dalam.

Pak Miskin yang kehabisan udara, gelagapan di dalam air. Dengan susah payah dia melepaskan diri dan kembali ke permukaan. Dengan nafas tersengal-sengal dilihatnya harta karunnya yang tenggelam ke dalam sungai. Dalam hati dia menyesal atas kebodohannya. Seandainya dia tidak terlalu serakah pasti kini hidupnya sudah berubah. Tapia pa mau dikata, nasi sudah menjadi bubur. Dan pak Miskin pun pulang ke rumahnya dengan tangan hampa.

Perjalanan Panjang Pendakian Gunung Rinjani

Gunung Rinjani adalah gunung yang berlokasi di Pulau Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat. Gunung yang merupakan gunung berapi kedua tertinggi di Indonesia dengan ketinggian 3.726 m dpl serta terletak pada lintang 8º25' LS dan 116º28' BT ini merupakan gunung favorit bagi pendaki Indonesia karena keindahan pemandangannya. Gunung ini merupakan bagian dari Taman Nasional Gunung Rinjani yang memiliki luas sekitar 41.330 ha dan ini akan diusulkan penambahannya sehingga menjadi 76.000 ha ke arah barat dan timur. Secara administratif gunung ini berada dibawah tiga kabupaten yaitu: Lombok Timur, Lombok Tengah dan Lombok Barat. Di sebelah barat kerucut Rinjani terdapat kaldera dengan luas sekitar 3.500 m × 4.800 m, memanjang kearah timur anda barat. Di kaldera ini terdapat Segara Anak (segara= laut, danau) seluas 11.000.000 m persegi dengan kedalaman 230 m. Air yang mengalir dari danau ini membentuk air terjun yang sangat indah, mengalir melewati jurang yang curam. Di Segara Anak banyak terdapat ikan mas dan mujair sehingga sering digunakan untuk memancing. Dengan warna airnya yang membiru, danau ini bagaikan anak lautan, karena itulah disebut "Segara Anak". Bagian selatan danau ini disebut dengan Segara Endut. Di sisi timur kaldera terdapat Gunung Baru (Gunung Baru Jari) yang memiliki kawah berukuran 170m×200 m dengan ketinggian 2.296 - 2376 m dpl. Gunung kecil ini terakhir meletus pada tahun 2004.

Kronologis Pendakian Gunung Rinjani 2002

Ide pendakian gunung rinjani berawal pada saat ketika ada sebagian siswa yang pernah tergabung dalam Pencinta Alam SMU 97 (PALASTU) telah berhasil melakukan perjalanannya ke Bali dengan uang seadanya pada waktu itu.

Ide Pendakian pun dicetus oleh Ipunk (Purwono), lalu mulailah penggalangan dana dari pribadi masing-masing dari hasil jual jaket, stiker, sampai menjual koran bekas. Perjalanan dimulai pada tahun 2002 saat masih duduk di kelas 2 SMU Negri 97 Jakarta ketika siswa kelas 3 sedang menghadapi EBTANAS bulan juni 2002.

Begini nih ceritanya, kalau di hitung dari peta google earth rumah saya dijakarta - puncak gunung rinjani kurang lebih 1.087,86 kilometer, ckckckck....

Tanggal 25 May 2002 berangkat dari rumah kita naik angkot P.20 (KOPAJA) jurusan Lebak Bulus - Pasar Senen Rp. 1.000,- tarif angkutan umum waktu itu, menuju ke stasiun kereta api PS. Senen, setelah sampai di stasiun Senen, beli tiket kereta api jurusan pasar senen-pasar turi di kereta kelas ekonomi KERTAJAYA Rp. 30.000,- tarif pada waktu itu

Sambil Ngupi nunggu Ipunk beli tiket  bebenah dikit, berharap dapet tempat duduk dan akhirnya dapet juga, tiket senen-pasarturi 30 ribu rupiah Plus tempat duduk No.5A gerbong ke 8 mantafff...... akhirnya kereta berangkat jam 4 sore

Tangal 26 May 2002 sampe stasiun pasar turi jam 08.50 pagi, nanya2 ama orang kok gak ada kereta yg langsung ke banyuwangi eh kata tukang keretanya "lewat gubeng mas kalo sampean mau kesana", akhirnya naik becak ke stasiun Gubeng lumayan sekalian jalan2 pagi-pagi

Akhirnya sampe di stasiun Gubeng Mo beli tiket eh ternyata gw telat kurang pagi datengnya, Kereta Mutiara Timur jam 9 pagi dah brangkat hiks hiks hiks..... , tapi tapi untungnya ada jadwal sore jam stengah tiga sore (14.30) kereta SRI TANJUNG

Dapet tiket  Harga jg gak mahal waktu itu cuma 12.000,- rupiah saja tempat duduk sembarang, akhirnya dapet tempat duduk juga, saking kecapeannya, tidur di kereta sampe banyuwangi, jam 12 malem alias 24.00 udah Tanggal 27 May 2002 di bangunin petugas kereta api, wkwkwkwkwk...
Gak tau dah tu kereta sampe jam berapa katanya udah dari jam 11 alias 23.00 ketiduran dikereta satu jam, berdua sama Ipung tidur nyenyak karena kecapean mungkin di gerbong cuma ada gw Ipunk sama petugas kereta yg bangunin, ternyata sudah sampe banyuwangi baru, wkwkwkwk..... untung barang barang gak ada yang Ilang tas isi duit masih dipinggang,, lagian yg mo nyolong jg ngapain nyolong tas carier yang gedenya segede gaban gitu.
Oke lah turun dari kreta keluar jalan kaki kurang lebih 10 menit ke Pelabuhan  Ketapang Banyuwangi. Beli Karcis kapal ferry ke Gilimanuk waktu itu cuma 5.000,- Rupiah saja, lumayan nunggu cuma 5 menit akhirnya kapal merapat. kurang lebih 15 menit perjalanan kapal ferry dari Ketapang ke Gilimanuk, akhirnya sampe juga di Gilimanuk, tapi kok sepi kayak kota mati gak ada angkot??? ya udh ke terminal deket gilimanuk alias terminal kecilnya disono jalan kaki sebentar, tapi kok sepi banget yah?????
ya udah akhirnya gw putusin jalan kaki sambil jalan ke jalan besar pikiran kita berdua cuma ada BUS lewat kemana aja yg ke arah Terminal Ubung gw ikut.

waktu udah menunjukkan tanggal 27 May 2002 jam 2 pagi akhirnya ada juga BUS yg lewat, pas banget menuju padangbai, Ikut lah lumayan tarif 12.000,- rupiah karena AC ya udahlah gpp. naik kereta tidur naik bis jg tidur lumayan lah buat tenaga ntar pagi, akhirnya jam 8 pagi dah sampe di pelabuhan padangbai, baru masuk aja dah dimintain karcis pass 2 orang dikasih 1.000.- gak dikembaliin, padahal karcis cuma 400 perak per orang wkwkwkwk...

Beli tiket Ferry Padangbai-Lembar lumayan mahal waktu itu 11.000,- rupiah, akhirnya masuk pelabuhan cari makanan ada yg jual nasi 1.500 rupiah, lumayan ada ayamnya kecil beli 4 bungkus skalian wkwkwkwk.... sambil ngobrol ama penjualnya nanya jalur ke gunung rinjani, katanya si naik elep 3 kali klo dah sampe  Lembar, tapi kok gw tanya nama terminal ama turunya jawabanya sama, "nanti bilang saja kalau mau ke rinjani turun dimana" wkwkwkwkwk..... sama aja bodong....

lombok dari kapal ferry

bersambung.... capek ngantuk