Merah Putih dan Kemerdekaan Malaysia

Fakta sejarah menunjukkan hubungan kedua bangsa yang kini dikenal sebagai nation-state Indonesia dan Malaysia sebenarnya pernah erat. United Malays National Organization (UMNO) memakai bendera Merah Putih dengan lambang Keris warna kuning ditengahnya. Bendera tidak sekedar hubungan warna. Ia memiliki sejarah yang menurut pejuang Malaya, Ahmad Boestaman, dicapai dengan darah.

Pejuang kemerdekaan Malaysia lainnya ada banyak. Mereka sebagian besar keturunan Minangkabau dan sebagian lagi keturunan Bugis. Sebagai pejuang anti penjajahan Inggris, mereka aktif di Kesatuan Melayu Muda (KKM), Partai Kesatuan Melayu Malaya (PKMM), dan di Partai Komunis Malaya (PKM). Ibrahim Jacob dan Ahmad Boestaman adalah pemimpin kemerdekaan yang paling dikenal di Semenanjung Malaya. Keduanya sangat terinspirasi oleh gelora kemerdekaan Indonesia dan dua pemimpin besar Indonesia : Tan Malaka dan Soekarno.

KKM didirikan di Kuala Lumpur, April 1939 oleh Ibrahim Jacob bersama Hasan Haji Manan, Idris Hakim, M. Isa Mahmud, dan Abdoellah Kamil (mantan besan Soeharto). Partai Komunis Malaya mendirikan Tentara Anti Jepang Rakyat Malaya (Malayan People's Anti Japanese Army) dan KKM bersama Ibrahim Jacob ikut Gyu Gun, milisi bentukan Jepang. Seperti Jaman pendudukan Jepang di Indonesia, Letnan Kolonel Ibrahim Jacob menamai pasukannya dengan PETA (Pembela Tanah Air). Ibrahim bersama Dr. Boerhanoeddin Helmi juga mendirikan KRIS (Kesatuan Rakyat Indonesia Semenanjung).

Bagi KRIS merdeka adalah untuk bersatu dengan Indonesia. Ibrahim bersama Boerhanoeddin Helmi menemui Soekarno-Hatta di Singapura tanggal 8 Agustus 1945 yang dalam perjalanan dari Jakarta menuju Dalat, Saigon, Vietnam Selatan untuk menemui Laksamana Terauchi. Dengan mengibarkan bendera Merah Putih saat menyambut Soekarno dan Hatta, keduanya menyatakan bahwa Semenanjung Malaya tidak dapat dipisahkan dari Indonesia Raya.

Mereka bertemu Soekarno dan Hatta lagi di Taiping, Perak, sekembalinya dari Dalat, 13 Agustus 1945. Kesepakatan yang dicapai adalah Kemerdekaan Indonesia diproklamirkan 24 Agustus 1945 dan Semenanjung Malaya adalah bagian dari Indonesia Raya. Ternyata Proklamasi Kemerdekaan RI pada tanggal 17 Agustus 1945 dan Soekarno Hatta tidak pernah menjelaskan ikhwal kesepakatan Taiping. Meski demikian, Soekarno pada tahun 1960-an menampung pejuang nasionalis Malaya di Jakarta saat konfrontasi dengan Malaysia.

Kecewa dengan melemahnya peran politik Melayu, KMM mendirikan Partai Kesatuan Melayu Malaya (PMKM) di Ipoh pada tanggal 17 Oktober 1945. Misi mereka tetap non kooperasi dan anti penjajahan. Pada Konggres I PMKM di Ipoh, 3 Desember 1945-yang sangat luar biasa dan sangat penting bagi sejarah Malaysia dan Indonesia-Konggres memutuskan bergabung dengan Indonesia dan bendera PMKM adalah Merah Putih.

Kemudian muncul gerakan Malayan Union (Malaya Bersatu), satu gagasan kolonial Inggris menghadapi gerakan kiri PMKM. Misinya membujuk elite feodal Malaya agar tetap di bawah kendali penjajahan Inggris. Gerakan kanan ini kemudian menjelma menjadi United Malays National Organization (UMNO), organisasi yang memilih gerakan lembut menghadapi Inggris.
Dalam PMKM terdapat unsur radikal kiri dan Islamis. Mereka beranggapan, demi perjuangan mengusir penjajah, perasaan perkauman dengan keturunan Cina dan India tidak dipermasalahkan. Bagi UMNO, perasaan perkauman menjadi penting agar daulat raja tetap eksis di tanah Melayu.

Perbedaan lainnya dengan PMKM adalah UMNO melihat bergabung dengan Indonesia bukan jalan terbaik bebas dari penjajahan Inggris dan (ketika itu) menolak Merah Putih sebagai bendera partai sebagaimana bendera PMKM. Untuk menghadapi gerakan kanan UMNO, pemimpin PMKM membentuk koalisi Pusat Tenaga Rakyat (Putera) gabungan berbagai organisasi nasionalis dan Islam, dimana PMKM berada didalamnya. Putera lalu mendirikan partai baru, Hizbul Muslimin. Akibat provokasi Inggris dan pihak kanan, Hizbul Muslimin tetap dianggap sebagai gerakan kiri radikal. Lima bulan setelah Hizbul Muslimin berdiri, tujuah pemimpinnya ditangkap Inggris dengan UU Keamanan Dalam Negeri.

Selanjutnya UMNO memang menjadi organisasi dominan berkat bimbingan Inggris dan dominasi pemimpin kanan Melayu. Persekutuan Tanah Melayu merdeka tanggal 31 Agustus 1957 dan lalu menjadi Malaysia dengan memasukkan Sabah dan Serawak (1963), lagi-lagi berkat Inggris.
Gerakan kiri pra UMNO menjadi "tidak penting" dalam sejarah pergeraan kebangsaan Malaysia. Gerakan nasionalis tidak lagi menjadi rujukan para elite politik Malaysia, seolah-olah bagian kelam pergerakan nasional rakyat Malaya.

Para pemimpin Malaysia sekarang tidak memiliki akses sejarah semacam itu karena dibesarkan dan dididik dalam wawasan kebangsaan dalam iklim koloni Inggris. Mungkin mereka tidak tahu proses penolakan dan penerimaan "Merah Putih" pada bendera UMNO sebagaimana juga "Merah Putih" pada bendera nasional Singapura (Zulhasril Nasir)
sumber : http://www.kaskus.us/showpost.php?p=353004490&postcount=101

Daftar Candi di Indonesia

Jawa Barat
1. Candi Cangkuang.

Candi Cangkuang adalah sebuah candi Hindu yang terdapat di Kampung Pulo, wilayah Cangkuang, Kecamatan Leles, Garut, Jawa Barat. Candi inilah juga yang pertama kali ditemukan di Tatar Sunda serta merupakan satu-satunya candi Hindu di Tatar Sunda.

Sejarah

Candi ini pertama kali ditemukan pada tahun 1966 oleh tim peneliti Harsoyo dan Uka Candrasasmita berdasarkan laporan Vorderman (terbit tahun 1893) mengenai adanya sebuah arca yang rusak serta makam leluhur Arif Muhammad di Leles. Selain menemukan reruntuhan candi, terdapat pula serpihan pisau serta batu-batu besar yang diperkirakan merupakan peninggalan zaman megalitikum. Penelitian selanjutnya (tahun 1967 dan 1968) berhasil menggali bangunan makam.

Walaupun hampir bisa dipastikan bahwa candi ini merupakan peninggalan agama Hindu (kira-kira abad ke-8 M, satu zaman dengan candi-candi di situs Batujaya dan Cibuaya?), yang mengherankan adalah adanya pemakaman Islam di sampingnya.

Geografi

Candi Cangkuang terdapat di sebuah pulau kecil yang bentuknya memanjang dari barat ke timur dengan luas 16,5 ha. Pulau kecil ini terdapat di tengah danau Cangkuang pada koordinat 106°54'36,79" Bujur Timur dan 7°06'09" Lintang Selatan. Di Wikimapia [1]. Selain pulau yang memiliki candi, di danau ini terdapat pula dua pulau lainnya dengan ukuran yang lebih kecil.

Patung Dalam Candi

Lokasi danau Cangkuang ini topografinya terdapat pada satu lembah yang subur kira-kira 600-an m l.b.l. yang dikelilingi pegunungan: Gunung Haruman (1.218 m l.b.l.) di sebelah timur - utara, Pasir Kadaleman (681 m l.b.l.) di timur selatan, Pasir Gadung (1.841 m l.b.l.) di sebelah selatan, Gunung Guntur (2.849 m l.b.l.) di sebelah barat-selatan, Gunung Malang (1.329 m l.b.l.) di sebelah barat, Gunung Mandalawangi di sebelah barat-utara, serta Gunung Kaledong (1.249 m l.b.l.) di sebelah utara.

Bangunan Candi

Bangunan Candi Cangkuang yang sekarang dapat kita saksikan merupakan hasil pemugaran yang diresmikan pada tahun 1978. Candi ini berdiri pada sebuah lahan persegi empat yang berukuran 4,7 x 4,7 m dengan tinggi 30 cm. Kaki bangunan yang menyokong pelipit padma, pelipit kumuda, dan pelipit pasagi ukurannya 4,5 x 4,5 m dengan tinggi 1,37 m. Di sisi timur terdapat penampil tempat tangga naik yang panjangnya 1,5 m dan lébar 1,26 m.

Tubuh bangunan candi bentuknya persegi empat 4,22 x 4,22 m dengan tinggi 2,49 m. Di sisi utara terdapat pintu masuk yang berukuran 1,56 m (tinggi) x 0,6 m (lebar). Puncak candi ada dua tingkat: persegi empat berukuran 3,8 x 3,8 m dengan tinggi 1,56 m dan 2,74 x 2,74 m yang tingginya 1,1 m. Di dalamnya terdapat ruangan berukuran 2,18 x 2,24 m yang tingginya 2,55 m. Di dasarnya terdapat cekungan berukuran 0,4 x 0,4 m yang dalamnya 7 m (dibangun ketika pemugaran supaya bangunan menjadi stabil).

Di antara sisa-sisa bangunan candi, ditemukan juga arca (tahun 1800-an) dengan posisi sedang bersila di atas padmasana ganda. Kaki kiri menyilang datar yang alasnya menghadap ke sebelah dalam paha kanan. Kaki kanan menghadap ke bawah beralaskan lapik. Di depan kaki kiri terdapat kepala sapi (nandi) yang telinganya mengarah ke depan. Dengan adanya kepala nandi ini, para ahli menganggap bahwa ini adalah arca Siwa. Kedua tangannya menengadah di atas paha. Pada tubuhnya terdapat penghias perut, penghias dada dan penghias telinga.

Keadaan arca ini sudah rusak, wajahnya datar, bagian tangan hingga kedua pergelangannya telah hilang. Lebar wajah 8 cm, lebar pundak 18 cm, lebar pinggang 9 cm, padmasana 38 cm (tingginya 14 cm), lapik 37 cm & 45 cm (tinggi 6 cm dan 19 cm), tinggi 41 cm.

Candi cangkuang yang berada ditengah danau

Candi Cangkuang sebagaimana terlihat sekarang ini, sesungguhnya adalah hasil rekayasa rekonstruksi, sebab bangunan aslinya hanyalah 35%-an. Oleh sebab itu, bentuk bangunan Candi Cangkuang yang sebenarnya belumlah diketahui.

Candi ini berjarak sekitar 3 m di sebelah selatan makam Arif Muhammad.

2. Candi Jiwa (Kerawang)


Candi Jiwa, hanya tinggal pondasi yang tersisa, tidak diketahui bentuk asli seperti apa

Temple of the Soul is part of some royal relic temple Tarumanegara. This Buddhist temple was first discovered by a farmer in 1984 a shepherd found the animal dead in that place. The location of this site is in Segaran village, Kecamatan Batu Jaya Karawang regency, West Java, about 36 km from Market Rengasdengklok.

Together Pandi guide who is also the local population we look around the temple of the Soul, Blandongan and an old well located on the temple site Unur Plate. Pandi tell apart the rest of the temple at the site also found pottery, human skeleton as well as jewelry and swords. Excavations led by hall of Antiquities of Banten Province. Temple of Soul is a temple that has been completely refurbished, as shown in the picture.

Jawa Tengah
Kabupaten Magelang

INDONESIA PEOPLE'S STRUGGLE FOR RELEASING FROM WEST IRIAN DUTCH

When reading the title above the material, you must ask why the Indonesian people fighting to wrest West Irian? What happened with West Irian? In order for the above questions can be answered, you need to recall the material and the contents of the RTC. What's in the RTC regarding West Irian? Yes, the Netherlands will hand over West Irian one year after the recognition of sovereignty. But until more than two years the Netherlands has not handed over West Irian. Stemmed from these problems, the Indonesian people strive to take back the West Irian. What efforts are taken to seize the government of Indonesia West Irian? What was the reaction and the decision of the people of West Irian to their future? Joined under the government of Indonesia or remain under Dutch control? In order for you to understand it, follow the following discussion of this.

A. Background Liberation of West Irian

Return of West Irian to be an important issue for the Indonesian government since 1950, ie one year after the signing of the RTC. One of these is the agreement would give the Dutch West Irian to Indonesia one year after the recognition of sovereignty. The decision was never followed by the Dutch. Therefore, the Indonesian government to fight with all means to retake Western New Guinea from Dutch hands.

B. GoI Struggle in West Irian Liberation Efforts

In section A has been explained why the liberation of West Irian. In an effort to release it, the Indonesian people to use two ways. The first phase of diplomacy by both the Dutch and in international forums. The second stage was a good way of confrontation of political confrontation, economic, and military. The following are described in full their respective

stage.

1. Seize the struggle of West Irian through diplomacy

Even on August 17, 1950 there is a change in the Indonesian constitution of the United States of a Homeland, but the West Irian issue unresolved. Here are some steps diplomacy in settling the West Irian.

a. Dated December 4, 1950 Union conference Dutch Indonesia. In Indonesia the conference proposed that the Dutch handed over West Irian de jure. But rejected by the Dutch.

b. In December 1951 the bilateral negotiations were held between Indonesia and the Netherlands. The talks discussed the cancellation of the uni and the inclusion of West Irian into the territory the Republic of Indonesia, but failed.

c. In September 1952, Indonesia sent a political note of the negotiations concerning Indonesia Netherlands New Guinea, but failed.

d. Struggle Diplomacy International Level

1) In the Colombo Conference in April 1954, Indonesia West Irian issue forward. Indonesia managed to get support.

2) In 1954 Indonesia West Irian pose problems in the UN court. But a failure because it did not receive strong support.

3) In the year 1955 AAC support in Indonesia West Irian problem. Until the year 1956, negotiations between Indonesia and the Netherlands on the question of West Irian failure. Because of a failure and there is no goodwill from the Netherlands to finish, the Indonesian government to take the road of confrontation.

2. Struggle through Confrontation

The Indonesian government gradually began to take concrete steps in the liberation of West Irian. Such steps are carried out through the confrontation of economic, political, and military.

a. Economic Confrontation

Since 1957 Indonesia launched action in an effort to confront the liberation of West Irian. The first confrontation road taken is the economic confrontation. Forms of economic confrontation is done by the following actions.

1) Nationalization de Javasche Bank to Bank Indonesia in 1951.

2) The Indonesian government banned the Dutch airline (KLM) flight and landing in the Indonesian region.

3) The Indonesian government banned the circulation of Dutch-language publications.

4) the total labor strike at the Dutch companies in Indonesia that culminated on December 2, 1957.

5) All Dutch consular representative in Indonesia suspended from December 5, 1957 At that time also made a takeover action
or unilateral nationalization of Dutch companies in Indonesia. Those companies include Netherlandsche Handel Maatscappij (NHM) to Bank Dagang Negara, Bank Escompto, and the printing de Unie.

Indonesia's actions taken over the capital and the Dutch company Dutch anger, even Western countries are Indonesia surprised over such actions. As a result the Indonesian-Dutch relations more tense, even the United Nations no longer include the West Irian issue on the agenda since the 1958 trial.

b. Political Confrontation
In addition to the economic confrontation, the government of Indonesia also made political confrontation. In 1956 Indonesia unilaterally annulled the RTC which affirmed the Act No. 13 of 1956. Then to validate his rule over the West Irian, then on August 17, 1956 the Indonesian government established the provincial capital of West Irian Soa Siu. Territory includes the area occupied by the Dutch and the Tidore, Oba, Weda, Patani, and Wasile. The first governor was Zainal Abidin Shah. Furthermore Cenderawasih Unity Party was formed with the aim to combine the immediate area of West Irian in Indonesia.

On January 4, 1958 the government established the National Liberation Front of West Irian (FNPIB). The goal is to mobilize the masses in order to liberate West Irian. Indonesia-Dutch tension mounting as Indonesia broke off diplomatic ties with the Netherlands on August 17, 1960.

c. Military Confrontation
To increase the struggle, the National Defense Council to formulate Tri Komando Rakyat (TRIKORA) read by President Sukarno on December 19, 1961 in Yogyakarta.

Here are the full contents of Trikora.

As a follow-up of the Trikora, the government took the following steps.

1) Establish the Province of West Irian new style with the capital of Kota Baru.

2) Establish the Mandala Command West Irian Liberation on January 13, 1962. The Mandala Commander appointed by Major General Soeharto. Headquarters are in Makassar. Here is the task of the Mandala Command Liberation of West Irian.

1) Planning, preparing, and conducting military operations.

2) Creating a de facto free areas or put the elements of power in Indonesia West Irian.

To carry out these tasks, the Commander of the Mandala Mandala Commander strategizing. Here are the stages in the strategy of the Commander of the Mandala.
1) Until the year 1962, phase infiltration by entering the company of about 10 specific goals.
2) Beginning in 1963, the exploitation phase by holding an open attack against the main enemy army, and occupied all the enemy defense post.
3) Beginning in 1964, the consolidation phase with lowered RI powers are absolute in the West Irian.

On January 15, 1962 incident occurred Aru Sea. MTB MTB third of Leopard RI, RI MTB Tiger, and Tiger Beetles MTB attacked by the Dutch from the sea and air. When the three patrol boats were in the Aru Sea. Commodore Yos Sudarso soon take over command of MTB Leopard and ordered two other MTB retreat to save themselves. In the battle, finally MTB Leopard with Wiratno Captain and Commodore Yos Sudarso burned and drowned. In the context of confrontation, the government conducted a military operation. Military operations carried out include Operation Wolf (in Sorong and Teminabuan), Operation Dragon (in Merauke), Operation Buffalo get injured (in Fak-Fak and Kaimana), and Operation Jaya Wijaya. The last operation was carried out Operation Wisnumurti. The operation was carried out during the transfer of West Irian to Indonesia on May 1, 1963. On the same date the Mandala Command is officially dissolved.

C. Implementation Pepera in West Irian

Indonesia confrontation with the Dutch West Irian world attention. UN agencies also began to show interest

by sending Ellsworth Bunker (United States diplomat) to mediate the dispute between Indonesia and the Netherlands. Bunker asked West Irian settlement plan known as the Bunker Plan (Bunker's Plan). Here are the contents of Bunker Plan.

1. Dutch handed West Irian to Indonesia through UNTEA.
2. West Irian People should be given an opportunity to determine the opinions, whether to secede or remain united with the Republic of Indonesia.
3. Implementation of the settlement of West Irian completed within two years.
4. To avoid physical clashes between the parties held the transitional period under United Nations supervision for one year.Government of Indonesia agreed to the proposal, but the Dutch rejected it. United States initially supported the position of the Netherlands, the Dutch pressed to turn to negotiate with Indonesia. Finally on August 15, 1962, the Dutch are willing to negotiate with Indonesia. The talks produced an agreement that called New York Agreement.

Here are the contents of the New York Agreement.

1. Cessation of hostilities.

2. Having ratified the agreement, not later than October 1, 1962 UNTEA received from the Dutch New Guinea. Since then, the Dutch flag was taken down and replaced with a UN flag.

3. Indonesian troops remain in the status of West Irian under UNTEA.

4. Dutch Armed Forces and civilian personnel repatriated gradually and should be completed no later than May 11, 1963.

5. Flag of Indonesia began to fly December 31, 1962 in addition to the UN flag.

6. The Government of Indonesia to accept the government in the West Irian on May 1, 1963.

7. In the year 1969 referendum was held (Pepera). As a follow-up of the New York Agreement, the UN Secretary General pointed Rolsz Bennet from Guatemala as a deputy governor concurrently UNTEA UN chief in West Irian. Based on the New York Agreement in 1962, held in West Irian "act of free choice" or the determination of the People's Opinions (Pepera). Pepera Consultative Council unanimously decided that West Irian remained a part of the Republic of Indonesia.