INDONESIA PEOPLE'S STRUGGLE FOR RELEASING FROM WEST IRIAN DUTCH

When reading the title above the material, you must ask why the Indonesian people fighting to wrest West Irian? What happened with West Irian? In order for the above questions can be answered, you need to recall the material and the contents of the RTC. What's in the RTC regarding West Irian? Yes, the Netherlands will hand over West Irian one year after the recognition of sovereignty. But until more than two years the Netherlands has not handed over West Irian. Stemmed from these problems, the Indonesian people strive to take back the West Irian. What efforts are taken to seize the government of Indonesia West Irian? What was the reaction and the decision of the people of West Irian to their future? Joined under the government of Indonesia or remain under Dutch control? In order for you to understand it, follow the following discussion of this.

A. Background Liberation of West Irian

Return of West Irian to be an important issue for the Indonesian government since 1950, ie one year after the signing of the RTC. One of these is the agreement would give the Dutch West Irian to Indonesia one year after the recognition of sovereignty. The decision was never followed by the Dutch. Therefore, the Indonesian government to fight with all means to retake Western New Guinea from Dutch hands.

B. GoI Struggle in West Irian Liberation Efforts

In section A has been explained why the liberation of West Irian. In an effort to release it, the Indonesian people to use two ways. The first phase of diplomacy by both the Dutch and in international forums. The second stage was a good way of confrontation of political confrontation, economic, and military. The following are described in full their respective

stage.

1. Seize the struggle of West Irian through diplomacy

Even on August 17, 1950 there is a change in the Indonesian constitution of the United States of a Homeland, but the West Irian issue unresolved. Here are some steps diplomacy in settling the West Irian.

a. Dated December 4, 1950 Union conference Dutch Indonesia. In Indonesia the conference proposed that the Dutch handed over West Irian de jure. But rejected by the Dutch.

b. In December 1951 the bilateral negotiations were held between Indonesia and the Netherlands. The talks discussed the cancellation of the uni and the inclusion of West Irian into the territory the Republic of Indonesia, but failed.

c. In September 1952, Indonesia sent a political note of the negotiations concerning Indonesia Netherlands New Guinea, but failed.

d. Struggle Diplomacy International Level

1) In the Colombo Conference in April 1954, Indonesia West Irian issue forward. Indonesia managed to get support.

2) In 1954 Indonesia West Irian pose problems in the UN court. But a failure because it did not receive strong support.

3) In the year 1955 AAC support in Indonesia West Irian problem. Until the year 1956, negotiations between Indonesia and the Netherlands on the question of West Irian failure. Because of a failure and there is no goodwill from the Netherlands to finish, the Indonesian government to take the road of confrontation.

2. Struggle through Confrontation

The Indonesian government gradually began to take concrete steps in the liberation of West Irian. Such steps are carried out through the confrontation of economic, political, and military.

a. Economic Confrontation

Since 1957 Indonesia launched action in an effort to confront the liberation of West Irian. The first confrontation road taken is the economic confrontation. Forms of economic confrontation is done by the following actions.

1) Nationalization de Javasche Bank to Bank Indonesia in 1951.

2) The Indonesian government banned the Dutch airline (KLM) flight and landing in the Indonesian region.

3) The Indonesian government banned the circulation of Dutch-language publications.

4) the total labor strike at the Dutch companies in Indonesia that culminated on December 2, 1957.

5) All Dutch consular representative in Indonesia suspended from December 5, 1957 At that time also made a takeover action
or unilateral nationalization of Dutch companies in Indonesia. Those companies include Netherlandsche Handel Maatscappij (NHM) to Bank Dagang Negara, Bank Escompto, and the printing de Unie.

Indonesia's actions taken over the capital and the Dutch company Dutch anger, even Western countries are Indonesia surprised over such actions. As a result the Indonesian-Dutch relations more tense, even the United Nations no longer include the West Irian issue on the agenda since the 1958 trial.

b. Political Confrontation
In addition to the economic confrontation, the government of Indonesia also made political confrontation. In 1956 Indonesia unilaterally annulled the RTC which affirmed the Act No. 13 of 1956. Then to validate his rule over the West Irian, then on August 17, 1956 the Indonesian government established the provincial capital of West Irian Soa Siu. Territory includes the area occupied by the Dutch and the Tidore, Oba, Weda, Patani, and Wasile. The first governor was Zainal Abidin Shah. Furthermore Cenderawasih Unity Party was formed with the aim to combine the immediate area of West Irian in Indonesia.

On January 4, 1958 the government established the National Liberation Front of West Irian (FNPIB). The goal is to mobilize the masses in order to liberate West Irian. Indonesia-Dutch tension mounting as Indonesia broke off diplomatic ties with the Netherlands on August 17, 1960.

c. Military Confrontation
To increase the struggle, the National Defense Council to formulate Tri Komando Rakyat (TRIKORA) read by President Sukarno on December 19, 1961 in Yogyakarta.

Here are the full contents of Trikora.

As a follow-up of the Trikora, the government took the following steps.

1) Establish the Province of West Irian new style with the capital of Kota Baru.

2) Establish the Mandala Command West Irian Liberation on January 13, 1962. The Mandala Commander appointed by Major General Soeharto. Headquarters are in Makassar. Here is the task of the Mandala Command Liberation of West Irian.

1) Planning, preparing, and conducting military operations.

2) Creating a de facto free areas or put the elements of power in Indonesia West Irian.

To carry out these tasks, the Commander of the Mandala Mandala Commander strategizing. Here are the stages in the strategy of the Commander of the Mandala.
1) Until the year 1962, phase infiltration by entering the company of about 10 specific goals.
2) Beginning in 1963, the exploitation phase by holding an open attack against the main enemy army, and occupied all the enemy defense post.
3) Beginning in 1964, the consolidation phase with lowered RI powers are absolute in the West Irian.

On January 15, 1962 incident occurred Aru Sea. MTB MTB third of Leopard RI, RI MTB Tiger, and Tiger Beetles MTB attacked by the Dutch from the sea and air. When the three patrol boats were in the Aru Sea. Commodore Yos Sudarso soon take over command of MTB Leopard and ordered two other MTB retreat to save themselves. In the battle, finally MTB Leopard with Wiratno Captain and Commodore Yos Sudarso burned and drowned. In the context of confrontation, the government conducted a military operation. Military operations carried out include Operation Wolf (in Sorong and Teminabuan), Operation Dragon (in Merauke), Operation Buffalo get injured (in Fak-Fak and Kaimana), and Operation Jaya Wijaya. The last operation was carried out Operation Wisnumurti. The operation was carried out during the transfer of West Irian to Indonesia on May 1, 1963. On the same date the Mandala Command is officially dissolved.

C. Implementation Pepera in West Irian

Indonesia confrontation with the Dutch West Irian world attention. UN agencies also began to show interest

by sending Ellsworth Bunker (United States diplomat) to mediate the dispute between Indonesia and the Netherlands. Bunker asked West Irian settlement plan known as the Bunker Plan (Bunker's Plan). Here are the contents of Bunker Plan.

1. Dutch handed West Irian to Indonesia through UNTEA.
2. West Irian People should be given an opportunity to determine the opinions, whether to secede or remain united with the Republic of Indonesia.
3. Implementation of the settlement of West Irian completed within two years.
4. To avoid physical clashes between the parties held the transitional period under United Nations supervision for one year.Government of Indonesia agreed to the proposal, but the Dutch rejected it. United States initially supported the position of the Netherlands, the Dutch pressed to turn to negotiate with Indonesia. Finally on August 15, 1962, the Dutch are willing to negotiate with Indonesia. The talks produced an agreement that called New York Agreement.

Here are the contents of the New York Agreement.

1. Cessation of hostilities.

2. Having ratified the agreement, not later than October 1, 1962 UNTEA received from the Dutch New Guinea. Since then, the Dutch flag was taken down and replaced with a UN flag.

3. Indonesian troops remain in the status of West Irian under UNTEA.

4. Dutch Armed Forces and civilian personnel repatriated gradually and should be completed no later than May 11, 1963.

5. Flag of Indonesia began to fly December 31, 1962 in addition to the UN flag.

6. The Government of Indonesia to accept the government in the West Irian on May 1, 1963.

7. In the year 1969 referendum was held (Pepera). As a follow-up of the New York Agreement, the UN Secretary General pointed Rolsz Bennet from Guatemala as a deputy governor concurrently UNTEA UN chief in West Irian. Based on the New York Agreement in 1962, held in West Irian "act of free choice" or the determination of the People's Opinions (Pepera). Pepera Consultative Council unanimously decided that West Irian remained a part of the Republic of Indonesia.